Salvador Dali Essay Example for Free

Salvador Dali EssaySalvadore Felipe Jacinto Dali Y Domenech was born on May 11, 1904 . in Figueras, Spain. He was a Spanish Surrealist painter and printmaker by trade. Dali is commonly regarded as having been artistic creationistically influential for his explorations of subconscious mental imagery. As an art student in capital of Spain and in Barcelona, Dali assimilated a vast number of artistic styles and displayed unusual technical facility as a painter. It was not until the late 1920s however, that two events brought closely the development of his mature artistic style. The first of these was Dalis discovery of Sigmund Freuds writings on the erotic significance of subconscious imagery and the second was Dalis affiliation with the Paris Surrealists, a group of artists and writers who sought to establish the greater reality of mans subconscious over his reason. To bring up images from the depths of his subconscious mind, Dali began to introduce hallucinatory states in himse lf by a process he described as paranoiac critical.In essence, the paranoiac critical meant spirit at one thing and seeing another. In my opinion, this is an elongate version of the face seen in the fire. Heads turn into a distant city, a landscape resolves itself as a still life, inexplicable combinations ar seen to lurk as if by magic beneath the skin of the world and thus the foundation for much Dalis artistic philosophy is established. Once Dali hit on this method, his painting style matured with unusual rapidity, and from 1927 to 1937 he produced those paintings which made him the worlds best cognize Surrealist artist. Dali depicted a dream world in which commonplace objects are juxtaposed, deformed, or otherwise metamorphosed in a bizarre and irrational fashion. Dali portrayed these objects in meticulous, almost painfully realistic detail and usually placed them within bleak, sunlit landscapes that were reminiscent of his Catalonian homeland. some(prenominal) of my resea rch indicates that the most famous of these enigmatic images is probably The Persistence of Memory (commonly known as Soft Watches) which was painted in 1931. In this painting, limp, melting watches tranquillity in an eerily calm landscape. Moving to Paris around 1928, Dali frequented the Cafe Cyrano, the headquarters of the Parisian surrealists, and in 1929, he first exhibited his own surrealist paintings. Dali continued to field of operations the writings of Sigmund Freud and subsequently declared an ambition to systemize confusion. In addition to such paintings as The Persistence of Memory, other famous kit and boodle such as The Sacrament of the Last Supper which was painted in 1955 and is currently on display at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C., have become widely known as part of the definitive record of twentieth degree centigrade art.In Dalis books, of which he wrote many himself, canvases, like The Persistence of Memory seem like looking down the wrong end of th e telescope at a brilliant, clear, shrunken and poisoned world whose deep mannerist perspective and sharp patches of shadow invite the eye exactly not the body. I doubt whether one could imagine walking on that stretched, satiny beach among the oozing watches. This atmosphere of voyeurism lent force to Dalis obsessive imagery of impotence, of violence and of guilt. Even in his most extreme moments of anticlerical shock, however, research indicates that Dali remained a Spanish Catholic. He inherited from Spanish devotional art a paralyzing morbidness about flesh. He seemed to like anything that was not erect running Camembert, soft watches, sagging loaves of flesh held up by crutches. Naturally all this was much more(prenominal) shocking fifty years ago than it is today Dali was regularly denounced by Fascists and Stalinists alike as a decadent threat to youth.When he could no long-lived annoy either the bourgeoisie or the self- appointed guardians of the proletariat, he mortally offended the avant-garde by embracing Franco and the Pope, and was duly drummed out of the surrealist group for it Dalis reaction, born(p) in such an enfant terrible (approx. translation terrible child), was to become more royalist than the King and more ostentatiously greedy than his Palm Beach and Hollywood patrons. If the net result was a tacky, phosphorescent caricature of Genius at Work, an embarrassment to most aficionados, it is still inconceivable to such eccentric art buffs that Dali the shitty boy will ever be expelled from the pantheon of modern imagination. With the Spanish director, Luis Bunuel, Dali also made two surrealistic films. The first was, Un Chien Andalou ( French for An Andalusian dog) produced in 1928 and the last mentioned was LAge Dor (The Golden Age) produced in 1930. Both of these films are commonly described as being grotesque but filled with highly suggestive images.The production of Dalis art and films was both complimented and further popularized by his maintenance of in image similar to the one reflected in his works His eccentric appearance consisting ordinarily of a silky cape, handlebar mustache, and popping eyes helped to make Salvadore Dali recognized worldwide. In the late 1930s, Dali switched to painting in a more academic style under the influence of the spiritual rebirth painter Raphael, and as a consequence, that was another example of why he was expelled from the Surrealist movement. In the later years of his life, Dali spent the majority of his time designing domain sets, interiors of fashionable shops, and jewelry as well as exhibiting his genius for flamboyant self-promotional stunts in the United States, where he lived from 1940 to 1955.In the period from 1950 to 1970, Dali painted many works with religious themes, though he continued to explore erotic subjects, to represent childhood memories, and to use themes centering on his wife, Gala. Notwithstanding their technical accomplishments, these later paint ings are apparently not as highly regarded as the artists earlier works. Salvadore Dali died on January 3, 1989 in Figueras and is now often regarded as one the greatest twentieth century artists yet.With some artists, death is only a ratification of decay it releases them from the humiliations of their late careers. So it was with Salvador Dali, who when he died at the age of 84 was perhaps the archetype of that twentieth century phenomenon, the embarrassing Genius. He was the first modern artist to exploit fully the mechanism of publicity. He appropriated the idea of the artist as demonic obsessive. He dealt with the question Why should your fantasies matter?. Clearly, Salvadore Dali utilized communication and all forms of contemporary imagery to make not only his works, but himself into a legend.BibliographyAdes, Dawn, Dali and Surrealism (1982) Dali, S.,SalvadorDali Diary of a Genius (1990) De Liano, I. G., Dali (1984) Descharnes, Robert, Dali (1984) Etherington-Smith, M., The P ersistence of Memory A Biography of Salvador Dali (1993). Various internet sites

A Ratio Analysis Of WH Smith

A Ratio Analysis Of WH smithAs a populace limited company majority of the funds avail equal to(p) for WH Smith to operate at any point in time is provided by owners in direct of manage capital and several forms for capital reserves and contain earnings. But for the purpose of this analysis, sh atomic number 18 capital will be referred to as funds provided by owners, which was 35million for both 2008 and 2009. However it is important to note that the total equity matu symmetrynd from 161m in 2008 to 188m in 2009. The main reason for this was in increase in the retained earnings from 329m in 2008 to 365m in 2009.FUNDS PROVIDED BY CREDITORSNon - modern liabilities (including trade and other payables, tax obligations, marge overdrafts and borrowings and curtly-term provisions) added up to 303m in 2008 and 281m in 2009, era non-current or long-term liabilities amounted to 24m in 2008 and 25m in 2009. Thus, total liabilities and accrued payments cut down from 327m in 2008 to 306 m in 2009. This is largely due the fact that 25m bank overdrafts were drawn in 2008 while no overdrafts were drawn in 2009. This means WH Smith is relying mainly on retained earnings and share capital as the major source of immediate payment for the furrow year.PROFITABLITYProfit office measures the loot margin of the business line (WH smith) in a financial year. In this analysis however, the profitability of WH Smith will be metrical and compared for the 2008 and 2009 financial years by relating pre-tax profit as a percentage of sales and also pre-tax profit as a percentage of persistent asset. This chamberpot be represented using the formula belowCONCLUSIONWH Smith has correctd its profit margin by a small percentage of 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12% as a result of more sales in higher margin categories such as confectionery and books. This means that out of 100 sales the company made 5.62p in 2008 and 6.12p in 2009.Fixed assets generated 4.57% more profit in 2009 than in 2008, which signifies a more efficient use of capital and fixed assets. Thus we can conclude that the company is being managed well disdain stiff competition from other large companies such as Borders and the common frugal circumstances.GROWTHTurnover Increase total sales trim from 1352m in 2008 to 1340 in 2009Profit after tax increased from 59m in 2008 to 64m in 2009 full(a) fixed assets reduced from 247m in 2008 to 232m in 2009CONCLUSIONFrom the to a higher place point we can conclude that total sales and total fixed assets have reduced considerably between 2008 and 2009, whereas, profit after tax has increased. This signifies that WH Smith is not focussinged on growth at the present (due to the prevailing economic conditions), sooner they are focused on consolidation and profit maximization (which in essential in the survival of any business oddly in the short run). This was done by getting rid of unused or unnecessary fixed assets e.g. properties, plants and equipment was reduced from 177m in 2008 to 163m in 2009 and utilizing the available resources efficiently.TRADING PERFORMANCEThe mathematical ope ration analysis of any company does not carry adequate validity without making reference to the performance of other companies in the same sector, because a parity of its performance must be measured against that of its competitors. Trading performance is calculated by using the gross profit as a percentage of share holders fundsEarnings per share for 2008 and 2009 were 35.3p and 41.3p respectively. Please refer to page 9 of the financial statement for details.CONCLUSIONIn an industry where demand and sales are greatly influenced by consumer income and demographics, the performance of WH Smith will depend largely on the marketing strategy and their ability to offer specialized products at dispirit prices. In 2008 WH smith had a return on share holders fund for 2008 was 47.20% while it was -1.93 for Amazon.co.uk ltd for the same year. At the end of the financial year, earnings per share went up 17% from 35.3p to 41.3pLIQUIDITYCurrent ratio also known as the working capital ratio measures the amount of cash available to a business in form of stock and creditors and is referred to as the working capital.WH Smith has been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from 22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009 however, not a large proportion of resources were tied up in stock during the same hitch as inventories only increased by 4m from 147m in 2008 to 151m in 2009. However, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. It is important to note however that the ratio of current assets to current liabilities is still less than 1, this means that WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasin g their total current assets.Although it is widely believed that a reasonable current ratio should fall between 1.51 and 21, given the prevailing economic conditions in this period, we can safely conclude that WH Smith is doing exceptionally well.Also, the liquid ratio reveals that a large amount of resources are tied up in liquid form, which could affect the companys performance in the long run if the sales is not improved upon.SAFETYGearingGearing measures the relationship between a companys capital employed and its long time liabilities. It gives us an idea of any companys ability to pay back its long term liabilities. However, the acceptable gearing ratio for most companies is 50%, but the lesser the better. It is calculated as followsWH Smith has been able to reduce the gearing of the business 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29% and the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is hig h. Therefore, shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year. Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) peculiarly in bad years.EFFICIENCYThis is also known as return on capital employed and is used to measure how effective a business has used its available resources to generate profit within a certain period. It is usually represented by the formula belowIt can be deduced from the above figures that WH Smith has been able to use their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the decline in the total amount from 247m to 232m. Although the cogency of the total assets has hardly improved in the same period, with the difference being 0.7%, the most noticeable increase in efficiency is that of fixed assets which has increased by 3.3%.CONCLUSIONIn the year ending 31 August 2009, WH Smith recorded a total (including non-book sales) turnover of 1,340m which was lower than 1,3 52m recorded in the earlier year. Pre-tax profit increased from 76m in 2008 to 82m in 2009. And also, earnings per share increased from 35.3p in 2008 to 41.3p in 2009Total sales reduced to 1,340m from 1,352m in 2008 (where desire for like sales dropped 5%, travel sales grew by 8% and high street sales also dropped by 5%). Whereas, WH Smith has improved its profit margin by 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12%. This improvement in gross profit margin was enhanced by tight cost control and a reduction of the total fixed assets.WH Smith has also been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from 22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009. Although a substantial amount is still tied up in stock, which could be a problem in the future. Therefore, WH Smith needs to come up with sale strategies that will quickly clear up the stock.In 2009 however, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short-term obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. Although, WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasing their total current assets.WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is very high with gearing being reduced by 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29%, and also, the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year all the same in bad years (Dividend per share increased to 16.7p in 2009). Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) especially in bad years.Finally it is worthy of note that WH Smith has been able to employ their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the reduction in the total amount from 247m to 232m.RECOMMENDATIONSWH Smith is doing very well given their financial perf ormance in the past year despite the prevailing economic circumstances. It is important to note that a large proportion of WH Smiths profit in the 2009 financial year was generated from the travel business (which includes outlets in train stations, airports, main road service stations etc.) where total sales increased by 8% driven mainly by new business wins and acquisitions. Therefore, WH Smith should focus on setting up more travel shops in areas not yet covered.Competition to sell the highest number of bestsellers is tough, as high-street bookshops are being undercut on price by supermarkets and online booksellers. Publishers appear to be offering supermarkets and online booksellers the highest discounts on their highest-profile books, allowing lower prices to be offered in these outlets. -Isla Gower ed. 2008, marketing report, pg1Another important area that WH Smith should focus on is the online book sales, which makes companies like Amazon.co.uk ltd a major competitor. Althoug h WH Smith already sells books online, there should be more marketing and promotion in this area, which would eventually return to a market expansion if harnessed properly. Also, the digitization of books through the use of e-books has made remote downloads and print-on-demand possible, and this has remarkably reduced the cost of production and can good put booksellers such as WH Smith out of business.

Budgeting as a Performance Management Technique

Budgeting as a Performance Management TechniqueFinancial measures argon inadequate for guiding and evaluating organisations trajectories through free-enterprise(a) environss.Kaplan and Norton (1996 24)In the introductory quotation, Kaplan and Norton, in their call for a balanced performance management scorecard employing financial, customer, internal business litigate, and learning and growth perspectives, cite whiz reason why finances, including cyphering, are increasingly ineffective when mappingd to the exclusion of other factors. The beyond Budgeting Round hold over (BBRT Beyond Budgeting Round Table 2007 n.p.), self-described as an independent, international interrogation collaborative, and others have identified additional drawbacks associated with focusing on budgeting as a performance management tool. This essay begins by identifying and discussing those drawbacks past continues with a discussion and evaluation of a proposed solution proposed by the BBRT.Over the past two decades the pace of competitive change has been occurring at an ever-increasing rate, but the budgetary processes of many organisations have not changed (Coombs 2005 34). Coombs suggests that traditional budgetary processes add little value because they limit an organisations ability to react to environmental changes. increase numbers of organisations recognise this problem as indicated by expressions of dissatisfaction with existing budgeting processes (Fraser 2001 n.p.). Fraser claims that, as organisations realise the diminished value of budgeting in performance management, they are acknowledging the increasing cost of, and time required by, the current budgeting process. Parmenter (2003 n.p.) claims that increasing numbers of organisations in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and the United States believe that the budget is a hindrance to management. Fraser (2000 n.p.) contends that the budgeting process, as part of the stuffy performance improvement model, is too rigid to r espond to rapid changes in todays economy.In nigh Beyond Budgeting The Budgeting Problem, the BBRT (2007 n.p.) identifies and describes problems with the traditional budgeting process. These problems are associated with budget management time and cost, user value, shareholder value, flexibility, business costs, product and strategy innovation, focus, relationship to strategy, culture, and ethicsBudgeting Time and Cost. The budgeting process is time consuming. Estimates of time consumed are as high as five months for each cycle, occupying 20 to 30 percent of financial managers and senior managers time. As an example of the cost of the traditional budgeting process, crossover Motor Company calculated the annual cost of its budgeting at US $1.2 billion.User Value. Although the budgeting process provides an element of control to some managers, the people who actually use budget information realise little value. For instance, almost 80 percent of finance staff time is spent on lower v alue activities with the itsy-bitsy remainder devoted to higher-order activities such as financial analysis.Shareholder Value. Budgets concentrate on internal targets, which are heavily influenced by prior period budget results, rather than focusing on maximising value to customers and shareholders.Flexibility. Budgets are often too inflexible to support quick responses to changing environmental factors. Only fifth part of all organisations change their budgets within the related fiscal period.Business Costs. Not fully spending budgeted amounts is monishd in many organisations leading to a chastisement to adequately question budgetary requests. In this way, unnecessary business costs are protected rather than reduced.Product and Strategy Innovation. Traditional budgetary practices discourage risk taking because emerging opportunities are too often not reflected in current period budgets.Focus. The focus of budgets is frequently on sales goals ersatzly of customer satisfaction. Al though most organisations recognise the importance of customer satisfaction, individuals are often not rewarded on this factor rather, they are rewarded on achieving sales targets.Relationship to Strategy. Budgets are often divorced from strategic decisions due to the poor support that budgets provide to organisational strategy.Culture. Traditional budgeting creates and maintains dependency cultures in organisations because people are deemed successful when they strictly vex to budget figures.Ethics. The high importance of meeting budgetary goals may cause people to behave unethically, even fraudulently.Fortunately, there is an alternative to the traditional budget model. Coombs (2005 34) suggests that this alternative should create and support a performance climate. The alternative should empower managers and encourage entrepreneurship throughout the organisation should be externally-, rather than internally-, focused and should provide an environment that promotes individual moti vation. Claiming that it is at the heart of a new movement searching for ways to build lean, adaptive and ethical enterprises that can sustain superior competitive performance, the BBRT has developed a solution to increase the effectiveness of performance management in the twenty-first century (Fraser 2001 n.p.).Two concepts underlie the BBRT solution (About Beyond Budgeting Concepts 2007 n.p.) adaptive processes and devolved networks. The BBRT recommends replacing fixed budgets with adaptive processes incorporating ambitious, regularly reviewed targets based on benchmarks, peer goals, and previous fiscal period results. The BBRT also recommends replacing centralize decision-making and performance accountability with devolved networks, which are achieved through decentralisation, to increase productivity, motivation, and customer service.The BBRTs concepts of adaptive processes and devolved networks each embody six principles (About Beyond Budgeting The Principles 2007 n.p.). Ada ptive process principles include (1) formulating goals based on maximising performance potential, (2) evaluating and rewarding based on contracts for relative improvement, (3) conducting action planning in a continuous and inclusive manner, (4) ensuring resource availability, (5) coordinating actions across the organisation based on customer demand, and (6) basing management controls on effective governance and ranges of performance indicators. Devolved network principles include (1) instituting a governance framework with clear principles and boundaries, (2) establishing a high-performance climate, (3) delegating decision-making authority, (4) assigning decision-making responsibility commensurate with authority, (5) expecting accountability for customer results, and (6) creating information systems that support ethical behaviour.The deficiency of traditional budgeting as a performance management tool, considering the ever-increasing pace of environmental change faced by most organ isations, is well supported by research conducted by the BBRT and others. The concepts and principles offered by the BBRT seem solid if somewhat limited in scope in that the BBRT, in heavily focusing on budgeting, does not communicate a general solution for the array of performance management issues faced by todays managers despite its implicit call for such a holistic approach in its purpose of searching for ways to build lean, adaptive and ethical enterprises that can sustain superior competitive performance. perhaps incorporating the BBRTs recommendations into Kaplan and Nortons broader balanced performance management scorecard approach, (1996 44)financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth perspectiveswould yield a significantly stronger and more comprehensive approach for modern organisations.ReferencesBeyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting Concepts, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbconcept.htmAccess ed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting The Budgeting Problem, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbprob.htmAccessed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting The Principles, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbprinc.htm Accessed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) BBRT Beyond Budgeting Round Table, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/index.htm Accessed 7 March 2007.Coombs, Hugh (2005) Budgets Should Be Geared for Rapid Response, Western Mail, June 18, 2005.Fraser, Robin (2000) Beyond Budgeting Organizational devolvement and Performance Management, Strategic Finance, October 1, 2000.Fraser, Robin (2001) Figures of Hate Beyond Budgeting, Financial Management (UK), February 1, 2001.Kaplan, Robert S., and Norton, David P. (1996) The Balanced Scorecard, Boston Harvard Business School Press.Parmenter, David (2003) Abandon Budgets and Se t Your first step Free, New Zealand Management, October 1, 2003.

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous SystemExplain the different structures and functions of the cardinal main(prenominal) types of cells in the restless constitution of rules. Neurons are the nerve cells they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a peck that extends from the cell body its job is to buck impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath answers protect the axon and animates the impulse. The dendrites branch collide with from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body.Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the restless system. Astrocytes look like asteroid cells they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. M icroglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses.Describe the structures and functions of theperipheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. in that location are two main groups of nerves the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts the freehearted and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. identify the two primary comp championnts of thecentral nervous system (CNS). Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function.The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal anaesthesia cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninx and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outer stringent layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the inmost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles.Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures.The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to get up body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e. sleep, appetite, etc.) and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. opt 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable.Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. bit by bit over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot steady control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. in that location is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory.Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on angiotensin-converting enzyme side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. anencephalia is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. wrist bone tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment use s splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and more or lesstimes surgery.Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an magnetic resonance imaging or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed.Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary push back movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease.Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. herpes zoster (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications).Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia.Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, compl ete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

Further Celebration in the Hall :: Essays Papers

Further Celebration in the Hall It is a cold, vestige night when Beowulf enters the great hall carrying the head of the treacherous Grendel . He has defeated both the beast and his mother, so the Danes rejoice upon seeing their hero alive. They all discover eagerly as Beowulf tells his amazing tale of glory. He credits his success to God, saying that he would not have survived if God had not guarded him (Norton 48). Hrunting, the firebrand he has brought to battle, has failed him because Grendels mother has bewitched all swords so that they can not harm her. Luckily, fate has led him to see hanging on the wall a fair, antique great sword (48) with which he defeats the powerful woman. Once he has slain the monster, the sword mysteriously melts, leaving him with only the golden hilt to bring foul to his Lord. After hearing this great tale, King Hrothgar speaks. He is especially pleased with Beowulfs success, as he no longer has to live in fear for his kingdom. by dint of his s peech, he congratulates Beowulf and advises him with words of wisdom. Hrothgar cautions the almighty warrior to beware of his pride by not allowing it to swell, due to his glory. He tells a tale about the notorious King Heremod who is bring up with everything--money, power, strength, and glory Until his portion of prideincreases and swells within himthen the watcher sleeps,the souls guardianthat sleep is too sound,bound in its own cares,and the slayer most somewhose bow shoots treacherously. . .he cannot protect himself. . .angry-hearted he covets. . .and then he forgets andregards not his destinybecause of what God,wielder of heaven, has given him . . .In the end it happens in turn that the loaned body weakens, locomote doomed another takes the earls ancient treasure,one who recklessly gives precious gifts does not fearfully guard them (49).From this speech, parallels can be drawn between Beowulf and Hrothgar. Hrothgar states that he govern the Ring-Danes for a hundred half-years (49), and in the second part of the tale, it is revealed that Beowulf also reigns as a wise King for fifty years. In his speech, Hrothgars reference to the loaned body and the earls ancient treasure directly relate to The Last Survivors Speech in the second part of Beowulf. It is this later revelation that connects Beowulf with The Wanderer. Click on the picture to the right for a closer look at the passages that clearly show the parallel between Beowulf and The Wanderer.

Metaphysical Realism and Matilal’s Theories on the Connection Between Words and Things :: Philosophy

Metaphysical Realism and Matilals Theories on the Connection Between Words and ThingsABSTRACT The vexed put under of the precise connecter between words and things (or objects) has been a major preoccupation over the centuries summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophy of talking to, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis. Philosophy in India produced a turning of different and much conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by an equally bewildering variety witnessed in the ancient and modern West. I want to bring to the set off the late Professor Bimal K. Matilals development of Nyaya-Vaisesika realist approach to the aporia, and interject the analysis with dissident voices, especially of Mimamsakas and Buddhists. Significantly, it will be the living ghosts of Putnam and Dummett that I will supplicate to haunt Matilals variation on metaphysical realism (after Davidson). Matilal veered closer to a realist metaphysic, which is inflected in his own formulation of a theory of language appropriate to this ontology, this despite his idealized attraction to phenomenalist-constructivism (especially Buddhist) his flirtations with Bhartrharian holism (even Saussurean semiology) and lately with Derridean deconstruction (after G. C. Spivak) in his epiloquia. But my critique focuses on his famous earlier analysis of Jnana or cognition and his defence of a particular linguistic-ontology within a narrowly circumscribed naturalized epistemology (after Navya-nyaya). The ProblemThe vexed issue of the precise connection between words and things (or objects) has been a major preoccupation over the centuries, summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophy of language, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis, to solve this problem. Indian philosophy produced a number of different and often conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by the even more bewildering variety of approaches and theories witnessed in the West, tr aditional and modern, relying largely on various model of the word (natural, ideal, scriptural, semiotic, etc.). In this paper I want to suggest that there is an even more intricate relationship between the model of the word or language and the backdrop view of the world. In other words, it is not at all as simple as sitting down one fine morning and asking, Well, ol boy, what is the connection between the word and the world? as though it is a question simpliciter about some given or givens in our environment. Many theories proceed on the basis of this assumed dualism, if not a complete asymmetry between language and the world that it is supposed

Brave New World: Utopia Without Shakespeare? Essay -- Brave New World

Brave tonic World  Utopia Without Shakespeare?     The Utopia of the future- something every human seemingly wants, but is it worth it to throw away everything for blessedness and rattling in a world where only a few people can recall a man named Shakespeare? In Aldous Huxleys satirical novel, Brave New World, this cellophaned world, polished and regulated to perfection, is a reality. In this Utopia, people like Bernard Marx, an intelligent and adverse Alpha, the highest class of humans, are conditi mavend to worship the Great Ford, to believe everything the Controllers say, to skylark themselves with sports, feelies and non-utilitarian relationships and, most of all, to take soma, a drug simulating happiness, whenever a problem should arise. No one feels, no one reads or experiences art, no one discovers, no one cries, no one grows old, no one feels pain or fear and absolutely no one is unhappy. Different from regular Alphas, having affable excesses and p hysical shortcomings as a result of his decanting process, Bernard seeks meaning in his perfectly structured civilization. Discontented with the daily routine in Utopia, Bernard attempts to venture out in search of mental and physical freedom. He does so by visiting the primitives in a simple Indian small town outside of his ordered world. There he meets the trigger-happy named John, the natural son of a Beta woman who was forced to live in the Indian village after getting lost several geezerhood before. Natural childbirth is unheard of in Utopian society with its totally structured birth control system. Through Johns experiences and realizations in the Brave New World, the nonsense of the conditioned and controlled humans, living in Utopia, is understood. John ... ... real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin. . . Im claiming the safe to be unhappy. . . Not to recognition the right to grow old and ugly and impotent the right to have syphilis and cancer the rig ht to have too little to eat the right to be lousy the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow the right to catch typhoid the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind. . . I claim them all (Huxley 288). Certainly, the two existing places in Huxleys Brave New World, Utopia and the Indian village contrast drastically. By representing two totally different societies, an actual and an ideal, they contribute to the central meaning of the work, to show that a perfect society in which happiness prevails is not the answer. Living your own life as an individual, in an imperfect world, is far more rewarding than Utopia.