Causes of Forest Fires

The world has many natural disasters which cause many human and material losses. An example of these disasters are floods, air pollution and forest fires. So, this essay will highlight the main causes of forest fires. The first main cause of forest fires is because of nature. It can be caused by many factors like lightning . When the Lightning strikes a tree, the tree begins to burn with fires which expanded to other trees and unlikely the flames continue non-stop.For instance, the numbers of forest fires which destroying million of hectares of valuable trees are increasing more than 100,000 in USA (rubychacha, Boutique Market Research Agency: online). Forest fires can be caused by earthquakes since it cause a lot of massive fires where it lead to incidence many losses whether human or martial. For example, the greatest destruction which caused by earthquake in San Francisco in 1906, it took only a minute but it caused many worst natural disasters like one of them forest fires.Anothe r disaster, it is in Tokyo in 1923 where it caused a huge forest fires (Arbor Day Foundation: Causes of Forest Fires). They are other factors from nature cause forest fires, such as, high temperature with drought and strong wind ,all this factors lead to fires. Bush-fires in the summer frequently occur in Australia (rubychacha, Boutique Market Research Agency: online). Due to the fact, the nature can cause many wounded on the world like forest fires disasters. The second main cause of forest fires is because human.Clearing land is a good example can cause forest fires which sometimes we cannot control it (buzzle, Bora: online). There are several reasons make them burn trees such as social problems or there is no reason maybe only pyromania and this is known as retardation. Also in the mass demonstrations that the protesters make many crimes like one of them burn the forests. According to the Arbor Day Foundation that human carelessness increasing about more than 80 percent.Smokers a re one of causes of forest fires because they do not make sure that they get rid the cigarette. That what happens in many Arab and western countries because of human being. In conclusion, I think that human should be careful in our lives because one mistake can make a big problem like forest fires. However, dry weather can cause forest fires like what happening in Australia every summer. Therefore, human should be careful when they use petroleum materials.Resources Bora, C. What Cause Forest Fires. [online]. Available at: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-causes-forest-fires. html [Accessed on 16 March 2012] Boutique Market Research Agency. What Are The Causes Of Forest Fires. [online]. Available at: www. rubychacha. com [Accessed on 14March 2012] Arbor Day Foundation. Causes of Forest Fires. [online]. Available at: http://www. ehow. com/about_5163647_causes-forest-fires. html [Accessed on 28 March 2012]

American football and good sportsmanship Essay

â€Å"One who plays a sport fairly and loses gracefully† is how The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines sportsmanship. What is a sportsman? The definition seems to have undergone a big change over the years. If children follow the example set by today’s athletes, the definition would equal a sore loser. High school sports should be a fun way to physically express yourself as an athlete, but at the same time learn some of life’s lessons, like sportsmanship, discipline, and respect. In today’s society, winning comes before everything, but if winning requires neglect of good sportsmanship, then nothing is gained in the long run. Sportsmanship matters not only in sports, but also in the rest of our everyday lives. In any competition, whether a job interview, a school science fair, or even a friendly game of cards with some friends, sportsmanship teaches you to win humbly and lose gracefully. Sportsmanship also helps us to understand each other better, because when we get along, we can listen to the other person’s perspective, and see where they are coming from, and avoid a bad, possibly violent situation. Almost everyday on the news violence is reported at a sporting event, evidence of bad sportsmanship. Without sportsmanship there would be no sports, because no one would want to compete with a person who when they lost, would throw a fit, cry, and whine. Young athletes usually learn sportsmanship from an older person, like a parent, sibling, or, probably the most influential role model, a professional athlete on television. Unfortunately many role models now days are planting the idea of gamesmanship, instead of sportsmanship into the heads of young athletes. Gamesmanship is commonly known as the art of winning games, pushing the rules to the limit, and using whatever means, to gain the advantage over your opponent. Coaches are constantly demonstrating how to be a badsportsman. They walk up and down the sidelines screaming at referees, players, and if provoked, the fans. Professional football players should enjoy the game, but dancing in the end zone after every touchdown is not the ideal way for a role model to present themselves. How can children be expected to learn good sportsmanship if their role models are telling them to â€Å"win at all costs† or â€Å"just do what ever it takes (to win)? † Athletes and sports- crazed parents should remember that whatever the situation, it is just a game, because without good sportsmanship in activities, the lessons learned lose their value. Michigan State University’s report, â€Å"Sportsmanship: Building Character or ‘Characters’? † on the Youth Sportsman Institute webpage, explains the basic idea of how the role of children’s participation in sports affects their sportsmanship. The report gives examples of how good sportsmen, and bad sportsmen are viewed by society. The Youth Sports Institute says, â€Å"participation is viewed as a double-edged sword that may have either negative or positive effects on the child†(â€Å"Sportsmanship†,1) and that â€Å"the critical factor in determining whether the youth sports experience has a positive or negative effect on children is the quality of adult leadership†(â€Å"Sportsmanship, 3). The story â€Å"Friday Night Lights†, written by H. G. Bissinger, gives examples of bad sportsmanship, like the Youth Sportsman Institute suggests. â€Å"Friday Night Lights† is a story about a football-obsessed town in Odessa, Texas. The whole story expresses winning or losing the game as a life or death situation. In Odessa, bad sportsmanship isn’t just a problem for the athletes; it is a town-wide disease. The coaches talk bad behind their player’s backs, while the fans litter the head coaches yard with for-sale signs, blaming him for losing the big game. The first instance of bad sportsmanship in the story is where Bissinger describes what was said to Boobie Miles during the previous week’s football game. One of the Cooper Cougar’s players said, â€Å"Com’on, you tough motherfucker, com’on lets see how tough you are! † and â€Å"you ain’t nothin’ but a goddamn pussy! † In the Youth Sportsman Code, these comments would definitely fall under â€Å"the making sarcastic remarks about opponents† and â€Å"the swearing at opponents† sections in the unsportsmanlike category. Bad sportsmanship occurs again in â€Å"Friday Night Lights† when the quarterback throws a bad pass as the last seconds tick off of the game clock. One of his teammates curses him, when the right thing to do would be to say something like, â€Å"good effort, better luck next time†. â€Å"If the team is in a championship game and a star player violates a team sportsmanship rule which requires removal from the game, the rule must be enforced. † (â€Å"Sportsmanship†,3) The Youth Sports Institute says to reinforce sportsmanship behaviors and penalize unsportsmanlike behaviors (â€Å"Sportsmanship†,3). The coaches should have disciplined Boobie when he was angry and threw his shoulder pads against the wall, instead of ignoring him. Another example of bad sportsmanship displayed by the Odessa coaching staff is when they talked bad about Boobie behind his back â€Å"most of the other members of the Permian football staff privately called him lazy, and stupid, and shiftless, and selfish, and casually called him just another â€Å"dumb nigger† if he couldn’t carry that football under his arm. † Coaches should always be positive towards their athletes, regardless of their personal opinion. â€Å"He sat on the bench, his eyes staring strait ahead, burning with a mixture of misery and anger as it became clear that the coaches had no intention of playing him tonight, that they were willing to test his knee out in the meaningless runaways, but not in the games that counted. † Boobie hurt his knee earlier in the season, and was not as fast as he was the year before, so the coaches benched him during the games that counted. The sportsmanlike approach to this is letting all athletes play regardless of their skill, or past experience. Ideally, society wants everyone to be a good sportsman, but realistically, in the heat of battle, with your adrenaline pumping, you will do what ever it takes to win. Until role models realize that they are role models, and start doing what is right, bad sportsmanship will continue to exist. When you do not have good sportsmanship, you will not have fun when you compete in sporting events. Athletes and fans need to remember life is not all about sports. If you give it your all, and lose, you should not get mad at yourself; it is not the end of the world! Go back out there and try harder and maybe you will win next time.

Life Alone

â€Å"No one is ever born into Life alone. Everyone has shared the bond of family, at least at birth, and for many people it is a bond that will follow them throughout life†. For many people it is the most important bond of all†. I chose this topic because I thought that it would be cool to take a look at my life story. At first, I thought that this project would be easy but when I thought that I had finished but I had to start it over because it was too short and I didn't have enough information on the topic. Before I did this project I knew that my parents were born in Poland but I didn't know specifically where they were born in Poland. Another thing that I learned, was that a family can be defined in many ways, but the common definition of family is love and being with one another. Lastly, I learned that people want others to rely on, talk to if they need help, do things with, share love, and be part of. The story of my search was very easy because every time I tired to search something on the web then it gave me the answers right away. Also, the story of my search was very easy because for example when I wanted to draw a Polish flag on my tri-fold board or get an image of the national animal or flower, then I just had to search it up on the web and it appeared right away. During the course of this project, I learned that my mom was born in Dabrowa-Tarnowska, Poland and my dad was born in Tarnobrzeg, Poland. Furthermore, while I was doing my project, I learned that Poland has a lot of traditions like, the Marzanna-Burning, the Wet Monday that happens after Easter, the Christmas-Straw under the tablecloth, and many more.

How Effective Is The New Human Rights Council Compared To The Old Essay

How Effective Is The New Human Rights Council Compared To The Old Commission - Essay Example First and foremost, the structure of the Human Rights Council and the Commission on Human Rights has basic differences. In 1946, the UNCHR was formed, as an adjunct of the Economic and Social Council, with the primary purpose of establishing the international legal institutions that secures fundamental rights and freedoms (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007). It was made up of 53 member nations. The Commission eventually expanded to allow the organization to address the different human rights problems by setting minimum requirements which would govern the behaviour of member states (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007). Its regular annual sessions were conducted in Geneva and it had about 3,000 delegates from member countries and from observing states. In these sessions, the organization was able to pass more than a hundred resolutions and regulations which covered important matters relevant to the proper functioning of the different regions in the world (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007). The Commission worked in coordination with the sub-commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, with several working groups and other experts and representatives assigned to report on specific issues. In 2006, the United Nations General Assembly passed GA Resolution 60/251 and created the Human Rights Council (HRC). The HRC is still very much an intergovernmental agency operating; however it is now under the direct control of the General Assembly. It is composed of 47 member states and is primarily in charge of safeguarding and advancing the protection of human rights all around the world. The council has been created to take charge of situations involving the violation of human rights and thereinafter make recommendations on how these violations should be addressed by the United Nations (Office of the

Produce a 1,500 word account, in report format, of an observed Assignment

Produce a 1,500 word account, in report format, of an observed positive behavioural change - Assignment Example There can be many factors and aspects in humans’ life which can reduce the contentment and happiness. To overcome such factors and regain therapeutic life is the basic aim of positive psychology. (wisegeek, 2011) MY BEHAVIOR CHANGE TARGET: After my self-assessment, the change I chose for my positive wellbeing is to get rid of caffeine addiction. At first the caffeine addiction didn't look like to have a link with mood and behavior in general to most of people; but being a caffeine addict I have faced many mood swings which eventually affect my wellbeing and efficient functioning in daily routine. The reason to get rid of caffeine and taking it as a positive behavior change is that in recent past I have realized that this addition is not only effecting my daily routine but is also effecting my health. Caffeine addiction has made me completely dependent over it due to which If I don’t get caffeine intake I experience many unpleasant challenges. The main reasons for gettin g rid of addiction are that I already have hectic and stressful life routine, I don’t get average amount of sleep which had become worse with the regular intake of caffeine. And whenever I tried to quit caffeine intake I felt extreme headache n nausea which led me to grab caffeine again. Adrenal gland main function is to regulate our hormones controlling the body reaction towards stress which help human to cope the stress physically and mentally. When people take caffeine it produces hormones artificially which led to unnatural alertness. After prolonged use of caffeine the adrenal gland functions depletes which affects human normal body functioning leading to psychological and physical problems. (ehow, 2011) The other researches which I came across about caffeine addiction are also related to its effect on human gland and mood swings. According to Stephen Cherniske research â€Å"caffeine blues† the intake of caffeine immediately stimulates the central nervous system of human, which triggers stress hormones in the body and leads to fight or flight response; causing stress. The fight or flight response is useful when u have to deal immediate with a dangerous situation but when this feeling of alertness and agitation come up very with every intake of caffeine, then when the effect of caffeine will go the person will feel more tired and low in energy because his body is used to of excessive alertness. And this is why caffeine is also considered an addiction. Because when the effect of caffeine fades away the person starts to feel tired and again look for caffeine intake and the circle goes on. And this not only makes u addict but also makes the body and mind tired as it becomes drained by constant ups and downs in body energy level. (Natural News Network , 2011) GOAL SETTING: I have aimed to get rid of my caffeine addiction. If I will succeed I will be able to sleep more and peacefully which is very important to work properly when you are awake. I will be able to have a sound sleep which was previously very disturbed and short because of excessive caffeine intake. My behavior will become more constant which will lead me to do my work efficiently and calmly. Plus I will be able to enjoy life more as now I most of time feel agitated and anxious. So the outcome of my goal setting includes these points: 1. Would be able to do my work properly and calmly

Eliminating the celibacy requirement for catolic priests Essay

Eliminating the celibacy requirement for catolic priests - Essay Example Without doubt some serious arguments can be presented supporting retaining clerical celibacy. One argument maintains that since Jesus himself was celibate and for the reason that the priesthood is a special vocation by which one follows Jesus, such a sacrifice is appropriate. In addition, celibacy serves as a sign of total devotion to the kingdom of God, a kingdom in which there will be no marriage: â€Å"for at the resurrection men and women do not marry; no, they are like the angels in heaven† (Matt 22:30). Lastly, celibacy functions as a witness that sexual activity, despite the fact that good, beautiful and important, is not the absolute essential it is held to be in western culture. To alter the celibacy requirement would be observed to give into cultural mores. (Sipe 85-88) On the other hand, there are a lot of arguments in favor of eliminating the requirement of celibacy. For instance, though it seems obvious that married, many of his apostles were married men. Further, the law of celibacy is a church law, not a divine law and can be changed should the Church believe it essential. A further suggestion supporting the lifting of the requirement of celibacy states that a married priest would be more pastorally sensitive to the needs of married couples as well as families if he were married himself.

CHARACTER TRANSFORMATIONS IN FILM STORIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHARACTER TRANSFORMATIONS IN FILM STORIES - Essay Example The Long Kiss Goodnight does not really involve an occasion or event; rather it is just a positive change in this character’s life. "Back when we first met you were all like oh phooey I burned the darn muffins. Now, you go into a bar and ten minutes later sailors come running out" (The long kiss goodnight). This line from the film, The Long Kiss Goodnight, spoken by Samuel L. Jackson’s character, Mitch Henessey, perfectly summarizes the character transformation made by Geena Davis’ character from Samantha Caine back to Charly Baltimore. As Charly Baltimore, Davis’ character was originally a top-secret agent working for the United States’ Government. After suffering from Amnesia, she transforms into Samantha Caine, a suburban housewife, and beloved member of the Parent Teacher Association (PTA) at her eight-year-old daughter, Caitlin’s school. However, her memories slowly begin to return to her while chopping vegetables during preparation of her family’s dinner one night. At first she thinks she may have been a chef, due to her above average knife skills. She is forced to learn that she was not a chef, but a lethal assassin, when characters from her past begin to seek her out to kill her. Character transformation films are an interesting genre. While generally somewhat predictable, the viewer has seen the â€Å"Ugly Duckling† story repeated in various forms throughout cinematic history, this film’s transformation did not wholly fit the typical mold. ‘Transformation movies’ 2005, Characteristics of transformation movies, viewed 10 December 2011,

Is Rim Destined to eventually Fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Is Rim Destined to eventually Fail - Essay Example The growth is witnessed in terms of output, staffing and the manufacturing infrastructure. The consistent increase in volume of the company’s products ensures its competitiveness in the marketplace by confirming that the products it supplies are market-friendly and adequate to the ever-increasing number of customers. The increase in production is fueled by the adequacy of staff. Adequate staff ensure that work is concluded on time hence meeting the company deadlines. Manufacturing infrastructure on the other hand facilitates invention and innovation resulting in originality of the company products (Palmatier & Crum, 2003). Externally, there is the ever-rising pressure from the rapidly expanding consumer base; RIM products experience a short lifecycle. Therefore, they have extended manufacturing contracts to likeminded firms to help them in production to meet the ever-rising customer demands. This has extended the decision making chain resulting in complexity when it comes to market efficiency and decision-making in terms of enhancing supply chains. The software makeup of the organization is also not up to the task prompting the implementation of a decision support system for the company to ensure it continues its operations successfully (Chopra & Meindl, 2001). In the recent past RIM has been quite successful and because of this success a crop of challenges have come up threatening the success of the corporation. The company introduced seven new models of their products within the last 18 months. The challenge with these products is their shortened lifecycle that has reduced further from 2 years to a mere 1 year. Reports show that the company’s product portfolio has become very complex ranging from 18 to 100 possible end combinations of the models with only seven lines of products. This has the challenge of easily creating what we call an

Strategic Marketing Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Case Study Example HP should consider the use of sales team strategy for the individual customers where personal selling can be implemented. Basically, personal selling is face to face presentation of a product or idea to a potential customer by a representative of the organization (Lancaster & Reynolds, 1999). Through this strategy, the sales people try to influence the prospective customers to buy the products offered by the company. The important point to note is that personal selling means that there is a personal interaction between the sales representative and the buyer in contrast to the other forms of marketing communication where the audience can be very large such that personal contact is not possible. The objective of personal selling is to educate the customers, provide product usage assistance as well as after sales service and support (Strydom, 2004).There are various advantages of using the sales team strategy by HP since this immensely contributes to the high level of customer attention given that it involves face to face communication. It is possible to customize the message to the customer and the sales team will be better positioned to persuade the potential buyers to buy the products offered by the organization. Feedback can be provided immediately and this enhances customer satisfaction since the customers can get the much-needed assistance from the sales team. The other advantage of the sales team strategy is that it can assist in developing a long term relationship with the customer. Essentially, the purpose of business is to make profits and this can be attainable if the organisation has a solid base of loyal customers who can also influence the other potential customers to buy the products offered by the organisation. 3. Country versus global coverage of accounts should not short change the customers since they can seek an alternative to but the same products from the other competitors. For instance, the global prices of the same products offered by the o rganisation should be uniform as there will be likely chances of distrust

The Angry American by Toby Keith Essay Example for Free

The Angry American by Toby Keith Essay Tragedy is one of the most influential inspirations for art, including songwriting. In recent times, many artists responded to their feelings toward the destruction of the Twin Towers on September 11th, 2001, with an abundance of artwork, poetry, and songs. One of the songs, Toby Keiths The Angry American, may conceivably be portrayed as a summation of the artists patriotic values in a reaction to the event. Although in initial observation it may seem as though the song attempts to also inspire patriotism in its audience, it does quite the contrary, inspiring revenge against acts that hurt or threaten the USA, namely September 11th. Patriotism is defined as positive acts of nationalistic feeling: Keith suggests, however, that vengeance or at least violence defines nationalistic feeling. Before performing this piece, Toby Keith gave a speech about his reasons for creating the song. Although Keith states in his speech that he wrote the song following September 11th, as if for the victims of that tragedy, he in fact wrote it not as an emotional reaction toward the victims, but for his own personal feelings, including those of his father and his sacrifices in the line of duty. In dedicating the song to his father, Keith furthers the idea that the song was written for personal reasons and not just as a response for the victims of September 11th. Although Keith may be conceivably trying to express the idea of the USA prevailing over any evil, he conveys this idea in a violent, vengeful way. He clearly suggests the idea of America as being a country that any enemy will be sorry that they messed with, basically saying that if you harm the USA, theyll put a boot in your ass, its the American way. By stating this about the USA, Keith suggests that Americans will violently take revenge against any threat made upon them, and to such a great degree that it will cause the enemy to never be able to threaten the USA again. Keith characterizes the USA almost as if it was the school bully, who no one can take the top spot from, or hurt without being hurt in return. This dominating ideology of the USA, which Keith seems to use to try to boost the morale of the songs listeners, in fact weakens the song by suggesting violent acts as an acceptable means to substantiate any feelings of anger or hatred toward past events harmful to the US. The roots of hatred sprout from many different feelings: fear, ignorance, competing beliefs, sadness, frustration, helplessness. Through the use of certain terms in both his speech and song, Keith portrays this hatred, in many forms. Keith presents feelings of helplessness when he expresses the idea of the US in a cage. The use of the term cage may be due to the fact that Keith feels frustrated and vulnerable from the attacks on September 11th, in that the perpetrators of the attacks are either already dead or too difficult to find, and if revenge were to be taken, it would not bring the victims back, or make the pain and grief of the attacks any easier to bear. Therefore one might say that Keiths patriotic ideals are caged, as he feels that someone has stricken his country and all he believes in, and there is not a way to avenge this entrapment. Keith expresses further feelings of frustration in his ignorance as to who his enemies actually are. As he states in his song, a mighty sucker punch came flying in from somewhere in the back, Keith conveys the USAs ignorance as to who really gave it its big black eye, and his hatred for not being able to determine who his enemies are and who to retaliate against, or more specifically, which ass to put his boot in first. These feelings of uncertainty can be seen in Keiths mentioning of his father in both the speech and song. He states that his father lost his eye in a training combat mission while serving his country, and it can be inferred from this mentioning in the speech, the song, and his dedication of the song to his father, that Keith feels angry that he does not know specifically how his father lost his eye, who (if anyone) caused him to lose it, or why no one could help him. As stated previously, feelings of sadness, ignorance, and helplessness can lead to hatred, and those feelings, mixed with those surfaced after September 11th, could plausibly have lead Keith to express the need for violent vengeance to be taken towards those responsible for that hatred. Keiths sense of vulnerability is also seen in the rhyme scheme of the song. His haphazard rhyme scheme suggests Keiths feelings of confusion, not knowing where to turn, who to go to, who to avenge. Keiths use of patriotic and familial terms, such as Statue of Liberty, Mother Freedom, mother, brother, sister, are emphasized in order to convey the idea of America as a giant family, all striving to protect their country and its history. Keiths word choice helps to further illustrate the idea of the need for Americans to stand together to seek out and avenge their enemies, namely those of the September 11th attacks. Throughout The Angry American, Toby Keith uses many techniques to stress the need for revenge to be taken for the pains our country has had to endure from attacks by enemies, specifically those enemies of September 11th. Keith is emphatic that America will prevail over any evil, and that the attacks on September 11th give Americans a chance to fight for their country, and stand on what our fathers and forefathers did for us, and make sure we dont let em down.

Impact Of Tourism On Penang Island Tourism Essay

Impact Of Tourism On Penang Island Tourism Essay Introduction The students of International Tourism and Hospitality Management from SEGi University College went on a case study research at Penang Island from the 12th November to the 15th November. In these 3 three days and two nights study, the students managed to interviewed as many as 60 local residents of the state to probe and investigate on the impact of tourism towards Penang Island. Literature Review- Penang Island, A Place for Tourism and Heritage! The main reason why our study trip chose Penang Island is because of the historical sites and heritage places. Penang incorporates modernity with a touch of traditions and old world charm that is sure to captivates the heart of many tourists and travelers alike. With George Town which was recently listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site makes visiting Penang an even more eventful trip. Penang also entices the tourists with its rich and plentiful scrumptious cuisines and mouth-watering food. Home to the Baba Nyonya descendants, this beautiful state is also rich with cultures and traditions all living harmoniously under the one same roof! Penang is located at the Northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Malacca. It is the second smallest state in Malaysia right after Perlis. The name Penang is actually derived from a tree called Pokok Pinang that is widely found along the sea side of Penang Island. Generally the state of Penang could be sub divided into two geographies; the Penang Island and also the Seberang Perai. Penang which is widely made out of hilly topography has a limited low land area for development hence the land reclamation project near the coastal area. In an average day, the temperature at this place varies from 27 degree Celsius to 30 degree during the day time while the night time promises a temperature from 22 degree Celsius to 24. Since Malaysia is located on the Equator line, this place has a very high humidity and the average annual rainfall is approximately 2670 mm. All in all, the students of ITHM find that Penang Island is indeed filled with abundant of cultures and traditions that many other places in Malaysia is definitely lack off. The culture and heritage sites at these beautiful places are still intact and maintained to perfection. Tourism undeniably has change the way of life for the Penangites vastly. Here I enclosed in the Itinerary of the whole 3D2N study trip of ITHM students. (*Refer to Appendix IV) Methodology Questionnaire- Method of Data Collection During the fieldtrip to Penang on the month of November, the students of ITHM manage to compile a total of 60 pieces of questionnaires per group on the impacts of tourism on Penang Island. Local residents of Penang were informed of the survey and requested to answer 10 simple questions regarding on the issue. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions divided into three parts: Impacts of tourism on local environment, impact of tourism on local people- socio-cultural, and impact of tourism on local economy. The answers to the questions are in the form of Yes or No and could be ticked in boxes. A total of 60 respondents were found and they agreed wholeheartedly to help us out on the mission to uncover the facts about tourism in Penang. Of the 60 respondents, the highest number of responses agreed that Tourism Penang has indeed brought about positive feedback on the economics of the state. Even though some respondents had difficulty understanding the questions given, but we manage to sort it out by slowly explaining to them on what the questions are all about. The analysis of the response was done in two ways. We divided our group member into two units, where one unit is assigned to complete the (i) 30 pieces of questionnaire by asking local hawker peoples opinion, whereas the remaining (ii) 30 pieces are distributed among the local residents whom are not working at the current moment. Nonetheless all of whom answered the questionnaire were from the local people of Penang Island. Discussion Tourism Development- Infrastructures   Unlike any other states in Malaysia, Penang is labelled as one of the leading destination in the country today and many tourists who visited Malaysia would definitely anticipate the visit to this very heritage site. The main reason why Penang has been where it is today is mainly because it also has a better and more developed infrastructure than most of the other places in the country.    Generally there are two stadiums located at Penang for the convenience of the locals as well as to attract tourists and outsiders to take part in any sports event over here. The City Stadium or more commonly known as Stadium Bandaraya Pulau Pinang is the first and oldest stadium which is still in use up till today. It was built by the British in 1932 and ever since then had become a popular spot for any football matches. The other stadium mentioned is the Penang State Stadium. This newly completed stadium back at the year 2000 has a capacity of 40, 000 spectators.    The next cutting edge design infrastructure built in Penang is none other than the Geodesic Dome located at Komtar.   This progressive and advance looking dome is a multipurpose hall used for official functions, performances, states events and many other event purposes. The design of this dome comes from the concept study by R. Buckminster Fuller who is the master mind behind this partial-spherical structure. The main entrance to this dome is through the level five roof top which only makes it even more appealing to the tourists and visitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of highways infrastructure, Penang is certainly quite commendable as well. Highways such as the Bayan Lepas Elevated Highway, Jelutong Expressway and Butterworth Outer Ring Road are the few expressways constructed for the convenience of the automobile users. And let us not forget about the advanced-looking Penang international airport. The Penang International Airport (PEN) is the main airport for the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. At present, the airlines flying to the Penang International Airport includes AirAsia, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, Firefly, Jetstar Asia, China Southern Airlines, Kartika Airlines, Lion Air, Malaysia Airlines, Silkair, Singapore Airlines, Sriwijaya Air, Thai Airways and Tiger Airways. This airport is also known as the fourth biggest airport in Malaysia after KLIA, Kota Kinabalu International Airport and Kuching International Airport. It has also been awarded as the Airport of the Year for 20 09 Frost and Sullivan Asia Pacific Aerospace and Defence for airports for the category of below 15-million-passenger. Economic Impact of Tourism The main economic development in Penang would most certainly relies on the tourism sector as it turns out that this sector yield major contribution towards the income and financial growth of the state. Based on the record by the Tourism Ministry, Penang has recorded a 40 per cent increase in the number of international tourist arrivals between January and June this year (2010). There were 405,932 tourists up till June, as compared to 244,146 in the same period last year. Of the tourist arrivals, Indonesians topped the list at over 92,000, followed by Singaporeans (51,392), China (16,000), Australia, Japan, Latin America and India (12,000 each), United States (10,000) and Middle East countries (1,360). The economic benefits of tourism were readily acknowledged by research participants in this study. Nearly everyone interviewed agreed that tourism led to the creation of jobs and it somewhat turns out to be the main source of income for most of the family as well. Residents of the communities commented that tourism often brings about positive feedbacks on the economics of the state and the standard of living too. A resident of the local neighbouring town said that, Without tourism, the economy would be stagnant. Another resident also noted, With the existence of tourism in Penang, we get to enjoy many top notch facilities and infrastructures such as the better public transportation system and the Penang stadium. For some there was a sense of certainty about the likelihood of tourism flourishing in this state. With so many demands from tourists all over the world, regardless of domestic or international, many believed that tourism was expected to take place whether or not local reside nts desired it. The Swettenham Cruise Terminal which was recently redevelopment has added an extra entry point into the island. Based on the statistic from Penang Economics Monthly April 2010 Issue 4.10, it states that in year 2009, a total of 680, 000 cruise passengers are recorded to have arrived in Penang. It has been estimated that this year at least 890, 000 numbers of tourists will turn up. The average cruise passenger spends anywhere between US$85 (rm280) to US$115 (rm350) a day when they come on land. Thats not bad considering they are in Penang for less than 12 hours. Penangs the perfect destination for cruise passengers with limited time, the minute they step off the pier, theyre already in a World Heritage Site, said Battistotti, PGT director, who is also the chairman of the Malaysian Association of Hotels (Penang chapter) and the General Manager of G Hotel. Another factor that contributes to Penangs thriving economic from the tourism sector is no doubt the Tourism Malaysias active courtship of the Middle Eastern market. It has been clear that 11th September incidence is a significant factor influencing the increase of Middle Eastern tourist arrivals to Malaysia. There are however other factors such as tourist expenses in Malaysia, tourist income, travelling expenses and the standard of living in this country that affect vastly on the number of tourists arrivals as well. Based on the work done by Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh (2010, pp. 37-52), she mention that, The importance of the Middle East tourists to the Malaysian tourism industry can be viewed from several indicators such as number of tourist arrivals, tourism receipts, the average length of stay and potential of future tourism market. She also mentioned that the average spending of the Middle Easterners have a higher purchasing power than other tourists over here. According to the c ase study, the average expenditure of the Middle Easterners was RM3, 503 during the year 2003 whereas tourists from other places only spent RM2, 013. In general, tourism has a variety of economic impact on the Penang Island. All these could be explained using the Multiplier Effects Theory. From the work done by Daniel J. Stynes (1997, pp. 11-14), he mentioned that; The most direct effects occur within the primary tourism sectors lodging, restaurants, transportation, amusements, and retail trade. Through secondary effects, tourism affects most sectors of the economy The study might use a sales multiplier of 2.0 to indicate that each dollar of direct sales generates another dollar in secondary sales in this region. This clearly shows us that tourism the main the effect of this Multiplier theory where with tourism it brings about the development of other industries as well such as restaurants, shopping malls, and theme parks. However there are still numerous negative impacts of tourism for Penang Island. For one, a country that relies on tourism industry alone as their main source of revenue could be risky and dangerous. Economic dependence should always be versatile and all-rounded in order for a state to prosper and flourish. This is because tourism business is very seasonal. During peak season, tourist arrivals will increase tremendously especially during the year end period. Conversely the number of tourist will dropped drastically during off-peak season. And this can post immerse danger to the states wellbeing as it might create a high rate of unemployment. Environment Impacts of Tourism    It is important to understand that although tourism has boosted the economics of Penang vastly but one shall never forget on the value of the environment and natural habitat of the very island. For what we know, land is a very scarce resource in Penang Island. This is mainly due to the fact that Penang is largely made up of hilly topography and most of the low land area has already been accommodated and developed.    Based on the research done by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp: 305-318), he also mentioned that the efforts at industrialization and the development of other economic sectors had bring about the improvement of the states urbanization. Unfortunately this had also caused greater pressure on the land usage. As a result, the Government act upon on the land reclamation as a solution but it is still not enough to satisfy the high demand for land in the island. At present, many developers have already resort to the remaining hill land and also the reclamation area on the island for their next huge projects. Example of such project would be the Waterfront City Project (*refer to appendix I), which represents one of the highest proportions of leisure-based services anywhere in South East Asia. Promising as it may seem, this project which is to be built on the 338 acres of reclaimed land along Penangs eastern coastline will majorly impact on the condition and status of the islands wellbeing. To begin with, placing fill in a reclamation area could disturb the water quality of the adjoining sea as well as threatening the flourishing existence of fish stocks and habitats found in coastal seas and connecting lochs and lagoons. Another example of project built without the heed and consideration of the environmental issues would be the Tanjung Bungah suburb which is situated between Georgetown and Batu Ferringhi. This village was built at the hill land areas which could post many dangers to the environment and also on the inhabitants over there. Based on the journal written by Adrian M. Steinberg (2010, pp. 318-340), he mentioned that, There are many environment risk by project at hill site areas in Tanjung Bungah, Batu Ferringhi. Tanjung Bungah used to be a peaceful village only lodged by small groups of families and fishermen. However over the years, many huge corporate chose this very spot to build commercial buildings for tourism purposes. Example of these recreational structures includes the Tanjung Bungah Floating Mosque and also the Penang Water Sport Centres. Hence, the quality of the sea water deteriorates due to the discharge of raw sewage and the resulting pollution makes it a breeding ground for jelly fish. As a result, the sea all along the northern belt is no longer suitable for swimming anymore.   Penang Hill which is another famous tourist destination spot is an example of tourism development at hill land area. Located high above the land, Penang Hill is perfect as a holiday sanctuary due to the breezy and cooler environment. The state Government permitted this development because it brings forth higher monetary and fiscal policy to the states economy. Based on another case study by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp. 14-27), he mentioned that, Massive hill development, especially the clearing of vegetation and the cutting of hill slopes will bring about increased and accelerated run-off, increased soil erosion and a high probability of landslips and landslides. In the event of heavy rainfall, such as that which coincided with Tropical Storm Ryan on 18 September 1995, landslips and landslides would occur. In fact, a total of about 60 landslides were reported along roads on Penang Hill and its vicinity after the heavy rainfall during the above storm. This clearly shows that without a proper planning and preparation, many inadvertent events might occur. Paya Terubong used to be a predominantly agriculture area. As the years gone by, it slowly turns into a working-class neighbourhood in the central part of Penang Island. Based on a case study by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp. 14-27), he found that there is a total of 60 landslides reported along the roads of Penang Hill after the destructive Tropical Storm Ryan which happened back at 18 September 1995. Landslides not only harm the residents of an area but, in fact, it post tremendous dangers to motorists as well. In addition, it might pollute the river and in long-term run, may results in flood at low land area. The massive expansion project at Paya Terubong is the most apparent example of hill land development at Penang which is rather an impulsive and foolish action. The project which mostly accentuate on housing, infrastructure and a new township is actually one of the main tourist attraction at Penang Island at current. According to the Malaysian Law however, hill land with slopes of more than 20 degrees should be safeguard and conserved in its natural state, generally as a forest reserves. Ngai also stated in his case study that the Paya Terubong hill land development is a major failure of the state island by saying, According to the Consumer Association of Penang (in its April 1996 issue), the Paya Terubong housing project is an invitation to a disaster, possibly comparing the Majestic Heights as similar to the Highland Towers which collapsed in 1993. Soon after this report, the extensive mudflows occurred in early May 1996. Chan (1997) has demonstrated how rapid development on the hill slopes of the Paya Terubong valley in Penang has given rise to landslides, mudflows, sedimentation of rivers and downstream flooding. (*refer to Appendix II) Culture and Heritage Impacts of Tourism Even though the official religion of the country and state is Islam, the residents in Penang are all given the freedom and rights to follow on their personal beliefs. Buddhism is still the main religion over here. As such, the Peranakan or more commonly known as the Baba Nyonyas made 5% out of the 2 million residents of Penang. The Baba Nyonya is actually a descendent of the Chinese immigrants who partially adopt Malay customs with a touch of Chinese as well. This made the Penang Island rich with an abundant of cultures and traditions. For Penang Global Tourisms (PGT) new managing director Ooi Geok Ling, she exclaimed that if she were to describe Penang as a dish, she would go for the Rojak; All the individual fruits and veggies retain their individualism, and the rojak sauce brings everything together. This is what makes Penang so unique, our diversity and our pride in being Penangites. This clearly indicates that Penang has a presence of people from so many ethnicities and religions living together in harmony. All these could be reflected in the many festivities that are being celebrated throughout the year, ranging from the Chinese New Year to the Indian Festival, Thaipusam. Besides, Pesta Pulau Penang which is an annual carnival event makes the city all vibrant and vivacious. Besides that, Penang is also famous with the Dragon Boat Festival. Since 1979, it has been a culture to hold the International Dragon Boat Festival over the Teluk Bahang Dam. Besides attracting international tourists during the period of this event, this amazing festival also strengthens and tightens the bonds between the each and every citizen. Another remarkable festival held yearly over this state would none other be the Chingay Festival. This interesting event which all started back at 1919 to celebrate on the birthday of Kuan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy displays a wonderful act of skill in the form of a procession. (*refer to Appendix III) George Towns entry into the Unesco World Heritage Sites listing is a big recognition of Penangs unique history. This big recognition was declared back at July 2008. George Town which was one if the first British colonies to be established back many years ago is indeed filled with many historical sites. Besides that, Penang is also famous for many other historical sites that some even dated back at centuries ago. All these factors contributed to the rising numbers of tourist arrivals into the state regardless of domestic or non-domestic. Conclusion After all the investigations done on the impact of tourism on Penang Island, we found that tourism has indefinitely brought about many changes to the used-to-be-peaceful island. The most apparent changes would definitely be on the environment of the island. Noted as one of the best and most relaxing destination in Malaysia, Penang was once a very serene and calming place to holiday at. Currently however, many unplanned and unorganized development had cause many environment degradation. In terms of states economic, there is no doubt that tourism plays a major role in sustaining the monetary of the country. Tourism brings positive impact on economy by providing more job employment for the local peoples. With proper action and care from the Government and the residents of the state. Penang will definitely continue to flourish and blossom into a more majestic and magnificent state in Malaysia!

Northeast Skiing Cant Keep Up WIth the West :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Northeast Skiing Can't Keep Up With the West Skiers are very loyal athletes. They grow up learning on certain mountains and usually spend most of their lives skiing at those same ones. They remember every bump and turn on the way down. They know which lift to take because it is the fastest and has the shortest line. It takes a lot for a skier to stray from their normal habitat and adventure to slopes unknown. Actually, it takes two seasons of horrible skiing conditions, which is what the Northeast ski industry has recently suffered. Two long years of rain, ice, sleet, and bitter temperatures. The biggest and best mountains in the Northeast have had their finest trails closed almost all of the 2003-04 season. The less open trails, the more crowded the ones that are open are. The less lifts that are open, the more crowded the open ones are. The more crowded the mountain is, the more angry skiers are. So what do these angry skiers do? They do the unthinkable and look elsewhere. They look west. â€Å"The skiing out West is much better,† said Doug Sabanosh, managing editor of SKI Magazine. â€Å"The East is cold, cloudy, and gray while out West we have 300 days of sun.† Sabanosh grew up skiing in the Northeast, but he has been living in Colorado for the past 15 years. He says that the mountains out there are bigger, which eliminates the problem of crowdedness on the mountain. Trails are wide open, lift lines are short, and the weather is unbelievable. More people are following Sabanosh’s lead and heading out West to look for better skiing. The Northeast is slumping. The past two years have been slow. Resorts here in the East have been doing everything they can to keep their numbers up and stay competitive with the West. Recently, SKI Magazine came out with its top ten ski areas in North America. The list is voted on by the magazine’s readers. It is based on things such as region, snow, grooming, terrain, challenge, value, lifts, weather, service, and off-hill activities. Not one resort from the Northeast was in that top ten. Six resorts from Colorado made the poll including Vail and Steamboat. Mountains from Utah and Idaho filled in the rest of the list as well as Whistler Mountain in British Columbia. The West dominates this poll. Not even Killington in Vermont, which is one of the biggest mountains in the country, was in the top ten.

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Witches and Lady Macbeth Hold t

The Witches and Lady Macbeth Cause the Downfall of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's tragic play, Macbeth shows the gradual descent of the character Macbeth into the moral abyss.  Ã‚   Macbeth's yearning for power draws him to the murder of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff's family. It is difficult to understand how a courageous, gentle man such as Macbeth, could be involved in such villainous activities. In truth, it was the witches and Lady Macbeth that transformed into evil Macbeth's natural desire for control and authority.   The play, Macbeth clearly illustrates that wicked intention must, in the end, produce wicked action.      Shakespeare focuses on Macbeth's courage early in the play.   For example, Duncan and the sergeant both compliment Macbeth's mental and physical bravery in Act I, Scene II.   Macbeth "carv'd out his passage"(I.ii.21) until he and the enemy general were face to face.   In the same act, the reader is told that Macbeth is brave because of his "disdaining Fortune"(I.ii.19) In addition to his quality of courage, Macbeth is also a gentle man.    Demonstrating his love and devotion for his wife, Macbeth refers to her as "his dearest partner of greatness"(I.v.11).   Lady Macbeth views his kindness as somewhat of a problem for their quest for power.   She says that Macbeth is "too full o' the milk of human kindness"(I.v.17)   to place them on the   throne of Scotland as a result of murder.      Macbeth realizes that Duncan is, in fact, a good and humble king.   Other than to fulfill self-centered desires and uncontrolled ambitions, there is no valid reason to murder him.   However, both his wife and the three witches soon pressure Macbeth to murder Duncan.   The three witches are supernatural in... ...es are ruined.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Biggins, Dennis. "Sexuality, Witchcraft, and Violence in Macbeth." Shakespeare Studies VII (1975)    Callaghan, Dympna. Woman and Gender in Renaissance Tragedy. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1989    Foakes, R.A. "Images of death: ambition in Macbeth." In Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. Boston: Routledge, 1982.    Muir, Kenneth. "Introduction." In Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York: Routledge, 1992.    Novy, Marianne. Love's Argument: Gender Relations in Shakespeare. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984    Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York: Routledge, 1992.    Stallybrass, Peter. "Macbeth and Witchcraft." In Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. Boston: Routledge, 1982.   

Free Macbeth Essays: Duncan - The Ideal Ruler? :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Duncan - The Ideal ruler in Macbeth?  Ã‚      Establishing whether Duncan was or was not an ideal ruler is crucial when examining Macbeth. Not only would a definite negative answer help in our understanding of the background of the play but it would also, in a way, justify Macbeth  s decision of killing Duncan. When the play opens Duncan receives a report from the battlefield. The audience finds out that the threat which Scotland faces is of a double nature. A Norwegian invasion is being assisted by two rebellious thanes - Macdonwald and Cawdor. While an external attack is something to be expected of in the times when fame was gained in military conquests, the internal rebellion is something of a different matter. It suggests one important thing - if a rebellion was possible than the king  s power couldn  t have been very strong. Traitors can be found in every society, but it is the ruler  s duty to discover conspiracies and to punish the people involved in them before they have a chance to enact their schemes. The internal rebellion shows that Duncan lacked the ability (and/or means) to do so - maybe he was naive and did not believe that his thanes could actually turn against him. Duncan  s lack of power and control over his country is also proved by his military dependence. It is uncertain whether Duncan himself has been fighting in the war - it is possible that he has not; as in Act one he only receives news from the battlefield. It might, of course, be argued that Shakespeare did not want to include a huge battle scene in his play but, nevertheless, it looks like Duncan has not been fighting himself. This was not the custom in the Middle Ages - the ruler  s conduct in battle was to serve as an example to all the warriors. Shakespeare does not state how old Duncan is but, judging from the fact that he has two grown sons, he is not in his youth. In quite a few stage productions of Macbeth this has been taken into account. In Trevor Nunn  s 1976 film of his stage production of Macbeth Duncan is portrayed as an old, feeble and sick man. This may explain why he does not take part in the battle. He is old and ill and depends on the loyalty of his warlords. Duncan  s fate depends upon two of his most powerful warriors - Macbeth and Banquo.

Biological Psychology Worksheet Essay

1. What is biological psychology? Biological psychology refers to the field of psychology in which the study of organism’s actions or behaviors along with inner processes such as; emotions, learning, perceptions, memory, and motivation is geared towards a biological standpoint. Biological psychology or biopsychology focuses on the scientific approaches of study on behavior (Pinel, 2009). When biopsychologists study behavior from the biological perspective, they look at aspects such as the nervous system; specifically the brain, along with genetics, physiology, and comparative method (McLeod, 2007). Biopsychologists are also referred to as neuroscientists for their contribution to research on behavior and the relation to the nervous system (Pinel, 2009). 2. What is the historical development of biological psychology? The historical development of biological psychology can be traced backed to ancient Greeks, but thought to be rebirthed during Renaissance. Credit of the scientific knowledge being resolved is giving to a French philosopher, Rene Descartes. He proposed that although the body and brain are separate units; the human mind influences and controls thought and behavior, as an explanation to actions of how and why humans behave (Pinel, 2009). Later in history; more specifically the 19th century modern biology was born when Charles Darwin provided supporting evidence and an explanation for the evolutionary theory. Darwin’s argument held that evolution takes place through natural selection (Pinel, 2009). The most recent history is the start of biopsychology in the 20th Century with credit of its emerge given to D.O. Hebb. His complete and profound accomplishment theory was the first to be developed. His theory examined how emotions, thoughts, perceptions, and memories may be influenced from brain activity. Although its history is considered an infant, it has since developed into a major and efficient contributing neuroscientific discipline (Pinel, 2009). 3. Name one to three important theorists associated with biological psychology. All three theorists above mentioned; Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, and D.O. Hebb can be denoted as important and influential theorists associated with biological psychology. Because of Descartes’ contribution dated back to Renaissance, many still today are able to hold the assumption that human behaviors somehow does go beyond the human brain, and not just physical (Pinel, 2009). Charles Darwin’s contribution goes beyond just suggested notions and is a monumental theorist. His evolutionary theory and natural selection revelation has been truly ground breaking for the field of psychology in a biological approach. Not only did he suggest the theory; he was the first to produce evidence that species evolve, while also being the first in proposing how evolution happens as a result of natural selection (Pinel, 2009). Finally as mentioned, the brilliant and well-known theorist D.O. Hebb’s massive and extensive method to biopsychology has become a trademark to researc h (Pinel, 2009). 4. Describe the relationship between biological psychology and other fields in psychology and neuroscience. Biological psychology can be credited for its contributions not just to its own field of psychology, but also to other fields of psychology and neuroscience as well (Pinel, 2009). Some other fields of psychology that biological psychology is associated to and shares a connection to is comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology. The biological foundations of psychology study the factors of genetics, evolution, and the nervous system (Pinel, 2009). Biological psychology and neuroscience intertwine and in a way form a field of psychology known as biopsychology. Biopsychology is the association between psychological phenomenas and brain activity. Biopsychologists work to combine data and information from the other neuroscientific disciplines and then use it to the study of behavior (Pinel, 2009). 5. Describe the major underlying assumptions of a biopsychological approach. Major underlying assumptions of biopsychological approach focus on the relationship and connection of psychological phenomenas and brain activity. Assumptions of the approach include; how behavior is influenced by the nervous system, specifically the brain, genetics play a role in behavior, and that evolution may also be a factor (Pinel, 2009).

Introduction to Communication in Health Essay

List below the different reasons why people communicate: Communication is an integral part of life. Communication satisfies our constant need to relate to others, and have them relate to us. We use communication for numerous reasons, including; persuading, to seek information, to express emotion. Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of your own work: If you don’t show effective communication the person/people you are communicating to may not understand what it is you are saying/asking. They may also misinterpret what you mean therefore giving you an invalid response. Explain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating with them: It’s important to view reactions, because only partially of communication is verbal, meaning that you are gong to be missing out on a large part of communication if you aren’t paying attention to peoples facial and bodily reactions. Face-to-face communication is the strongest and tightest coupled method of communication we have. Read more:  Different reasons people communicate  essay Explain how you have found out about an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes and preferences: Asking the service user, talking to colleagues, reading care plans and medical notes, asking relatives, are the ways to found out about an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes and preferences. List the barriers to communication: Language barrier Psychological barriers Gender barriers Culture barriers Emotional barriers Physical barriers If no ability to form ideas or to use a relative method of interacting with someone. Personal incompetence in communicating in an appropriate way with other people. Use of jargon or slang. Too much information – not able to process everything and take any more information in. Explain how you have identified sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communication. Translation Services – Can help with changing written text from one language to another. Interpreting Services – Can help in converting spoken language to another language. Speech & Language Services – Can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. Advocacy Service – Can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf. Explain the term ‘confidentiality’ and how you implement it in your workplace: Confidentiality has been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as â€Å"ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access†. Confidentiality is defined as keeping something secret, specifically relating to private information or communications. Confidentiality relates to the duty to maintain confidence and thereby respect privacy. Under the ethical principle of respect for a person’s autonomy, public health workers have an obligation to respect privacy. Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on: Sometimes confidential information about a client may need to be passed on to others. If there is a risk of danger or harm to the client, or other people, if abuse is suspected or if there is suspected misconduct by/of a colleague, in respect of care of a client. You must inform the client why the information needs to be passed on to others, and that it is your responsibility to do so. Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality: This will be outlined in company policies and procedures or codes of practice. The Data Protection Act 1998 was made to protect a person’s personal and sensitive information.

How to Solve a Rubik Cube

How to solve a Rubik’s cube The purpose of this report is to inform the audience on how to solve a Rubik’s cube in three simple steps. Solving a Rubik’s cube can be difficult; however by solving one layer at a time, and knowing the correct algorithm to use for each desired move, makes solving a Rubik’s cube easier than it looks. Introduction Invented by mechanics in 1974. There are over 43 quintillion possible combinations for solving a Rubik’s cube. That is 43,252,003,274,489,856,000. (information-facts). I am going to teach you how to solve one side of the cube. Which then puts you in position for solving the middle layer of the cube.That lastly enables you to execute the final layer effortlessly. Body I. The first step in solving one side of a Rubik’s cube is done by making a cross with whichever color you choose to start with. Using the algorithm â€Å"F' T L' T'. † (algorithm list) A. After completing the cross, the edge pieces ar e then put into place completing the first layer. Using the algorithm R' B' R B. II. The second step is putting the middle pieces in the correct domicile in order to finalize the middle layer. A. There are two algorithms used depending on if you are moving a piece to the left or right side of the middle layer.T R T' R' T' F' T F† for moving a piece to the left side. And T' L' T L T F T' F' for the right side. III. The third and final step is solving the last layer. Starting out by executing a cross on the top of the cube by performing F R T R' T' F’. A. Then fixing the cross by orienting the pieces in their correct positions. Using R T R' T R T T R'. 1. Followed by positioning the edge pieces in their correct places by doing T R T' L' T R' T' L. a. Leaves you with the final algorithm, which simply rotates the corner pieces that are already in their correct places. By doing an easy out, out, in, in, move R' B' R B, until the cube is complete.Conclusion I went over how to solve a Rubik’s cube step by step, starting out with the first cross and layer, to the middle layer, and the final cross and layer. If anyone would like me to email them my algorithms I would be glad to do that. And I know the process seems a bit confusing so you would like help learning to solve the cube on your own using the algorithms I can also provide some assistance with that as well. I hope this presentation helped you understand how to solve a Rubik’s cube. References A Rubik’s cube has 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 possible combinations. | Information Facts. (n. d. ).Information Facts – Facts of the world, Crazy facts, What a information, Interesting facts. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from http://www. information-facts. com/shocking/a-rubiks-cube-has-43252003274489856000-possible-combinations (0), M. R. (n. d. ). Algorithm List – How to Solve a Rubik's Cube. www. personal. psu. edu. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from http://www. personal. ps u. edu/mjr5125/blogs/how_to_solve_a_rubiks_cube/algorithm-list. html Out of the Cube: Augmented Rubik's Cube. (n. d. ). Hindawi Publishing Corporation . Retrieved February 12, 2013, from http://www. hindawi. com/journals/ijcgt/201

Isolation in “a Rose for Emily” and “the Yellow Wallpaper”

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two well written short stories that entail both similarities and differences. Both short stories were written in the late 1800’s early 1900’s and depict the era when women were viewed less important than men. The protagonist in each story is a woman, who is confined in solitary due to the men in their lives. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the mutual voice of the townspeople of Jefferson, while Emily Grierson is the main character in the story that undergoes a sequence of bad events. The unnamed, female narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is also the main character whose journal we read. This difference in tense gives each story a different outlook on the situations at hand. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† we get the thoughts and actions of the unnamed narrator as she sees it, while in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† we get Emily’s thoughts form dialogue and her actions from the narration of the townspeople. A comparison between the protagonist in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† enables readers to interpret the main character’s isolation from their community and state of mind. In each section of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the narrator goes back and forth in time telling stories of Miss Emily’s life. Emily’s father was a controlling man who ran off all prospect men of Emily’s (Faulkner 77). This caused Emily to be an unhappy, middle-aged, single woman who was the talk of the town. Miss Emily isolated herself from all people, except having a male Negro housekeeper who ran all her errands and took care of her house. According to Floyd C. Watkins’ â€Å"The Structure of ‘A Rose For Emily’ in Modern Language Notes, â€Å"The inviolability of Miss Emily’s isolation is maintained in the central division, part three, which no outsider enters her home† (509). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is revealed at the beginning of the story that the unnamed female narrator is â€Å"sick† or depressed, and therefore is taken far away from people she knows to rest and get better (Gilman 408). From Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, Paula A. Treichler’s â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’† informs readers â€Å"The narrator is forbidden to engage in normal social conversation [†¦] and avoid expressing negative thoughts and expressions about her illness† (61). Although both women were isolated, Emily isolated herself while the unnamed narrator was forcefully isolated. In both short stories the main character is judged by the surrounding people: Emily as a conceited, ill woman, and the unnamed narrator as a â€Å"sick†, depressed woman. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† the townspeople were extremely nosey and very judgmental about how people should live there life. Watkins argues â€Å"The contrast between Emily and the townspeople and between her home and her surroundings is carried out by the invasion of her home by the adherents of the new order in the town† (509). Also it is displayed sometime after Emily’s father died when she went to the druggist and ordered arsenic to kill rats (Faulkner 78-79). â€Å"†¦The next day we [the townspeople] all said, ‘She will kill herself’; and we [the townspeople] said it would be the best thing (Faulkner 79). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the unnamed narrator is judged by her family and friends. In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator reveals that her husband, also a physician, belittles her illness and her general thoughts of life (Gilman 408). â€Å"If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression–a slight hysterical tendency–what is one to do? † (Gilman 408). The narrator is left in the â€Å"colonial mansion† for the summer, not seeing anyone except her husband, John, John’s sister, Jennie, who takes care of the narrator and the house, and some family members who came to visit for a short while. By the end of each story we realize that both Emily and the unnamed narrator are clearly insane. After Emily’s death and funeral, the nosey townspeople enter her home and break down a locked away room that had not been entered in forty years (Faulkner 80). In the room they found the decaying body of Homer Barron, the man that she wished to marry (81). â€Å"The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him† (Faulkner 81). A â€Å"long strand of iron-gray hair† was on the pillow next to him, indicating that Emily is the result of this tragedy (Faulkner 81). Although the townspeople had always thought of Emily as crazy, this finally proved them right. Throughout â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is noted that the unnamed narrator is ill. After being secluded in the upstairs room, â€Å"the yellow wallpaper comes to occupy the narrator’s entire reality† affirming her loss of sanity and isolation from the world (Treichler 62). â€Å"There are things in that wallpaper that nobody knows about but me. †¦] And it is like a woman stooping down and creeping about that pattern† (Gilman 413). The unnamed narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† had torn down all the wallpaper and locked herself in the room in order to get the woman out from behind the wallpaper (Gilman 417). It is interpreted that the woman behind the wallpaper is actually the narrator’s shadow. T he parallel enabling comparison and contrast between the main characters in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† reveals separation, seclusion, and depression as a result of life circumstances. While differences of circumstances exist in the compared short stories, resemblances permit readers to observe events leading to associations between the two protagonists. According to reviews, isolation by both characters is exposed as an entry into the short stories. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† review by Treischler, the confirmation of the unnamed narrator being isolated is affirmed stating â€Å"The narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ has come with her husband to an isolated country estate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (62). The review of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by Watkins verifies the isolation of Emily when he communicates â€Å"†¦she withdraws more and more until her own death again exposes her to the townspeople. † (509). The short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† possess protagonist as the main character that reveal connections of separation enabling associations between the two characters. Work Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Fourth Compact Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 75-81. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Fourth Compact Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 408-418. Treichler, Paula A. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’. † Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature. 3. 5 (1984): 61-77. JSTOR. Web. 11 March 2010. Watkins, Floyd C. â€Å"The Structure of ‘A Rose for Emily’. † Modern Language Notes. 69. 7 (1954): 508-510. JSTOR. Web. 16 February 2010.

Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memory - Essay Example Furthermore, in all types of memory, including those associated with immune responses, an individual's capacity decreases with age (2, 3). While certain amount of scientific literature is available in the public databases with regard to the influence of external stimuli on memory, little or no information is available on decrease of memory performance in response to an external stimulus. In this context, we hypothesized that the memory of an individual is affected by external stimuli to such an extent that there's a significant decrease in individual memory performance. For the present, memory performance is defined as the ability of an individual to recall the objects which that particular individual was allowed to view for one minute. With an aim to test the hypothesis, two groups, of five people each, were included in the present study. The first group was the experimental group while the later served as controls. Both the groups were asked to memorize, and recall from their memory, twelve easily recognizable objects placed in a tray after viewing them for one minute. However, when individuals from the experimental group were viewing the objects, loud rock music was played next to them.

The Kiss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Kiss - Essay Example She sees his continuation of desire as a weakness, her ability to pull away a sign of strength. Therefore, she views him with pity, her own strength giving her a feeling of superiority. She has discovered that the experience was not overwhelming, that she could maintain her own control during the event and that within this she has conquered her own thoughts about the possibility of having the imposition of desire. She says â€Å"she was pleased to discover that it was an unexceptional experience†, thus she finds that the experience did not affect her in such a way that she would become a victim of it (Perkins and Perkins 2539). As she turns away, her reminiscent comments suggest that she has had a profound moment, but not through the sensuality of the kiss, but through the realization that she is immune to the intent of the kiss. Her power is in not giving into her desire, her control through her detachment. Thus, she now knows how to remain in power and in control. Works Cite d Perkins, George, and Barbara Perkins, editors. The American Tradition in Literature, Volume II, 12th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007

Make a titile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Make a titile - Essay Example Almost all the cases are with the consent of the parents and the prescription of qualified personnel. Most cases of over-medicating kids arise due to cases of bipolar disorders and depression. More than a million kids in the USA are on antipsychotic medication. People argue that the medication help the kids in lifting their bad moods and stabilizing depressive moments for the kid. The growth of drug use can be attributed to the availability of such medicines and the increased research that support the trend on efficacy grounds. Most schools have signs warning against drug use. However, their school sanatoriums are full of antidepressants for their students. The pressure that is applied on the kids by the schools and parents themselves does not help the situation in any way. Most kids are not able to cope up with the stress and the overall effect of this is on their social lives. In a bid to help them â€Å"fit in†, they are referred to psychiatrists who prescribe more and more dugs for them. The situation then becomes a cycle; new drugs for the same old problem. Also another side effect is the kids’ body does not absorb the drugs as the adult body would do and this can have a negative effect on the kids body. To further emphasize on the issue of over-medication, parents have greatly relied on medicines to tackle behavioral and psyche issues where simple activities would do, simple bruises and inflammation are treated with anti-inflammations medicines such as ibuprofen, signs of discomfort in children are highly not tolerated by parents and they resort to self- prescribing over the counter analgesics such as aspirin and Paracetamol (in fact almost every home has these medicines ready on the cupboard for emergency) even when research has clearly shown that their liver are not fully developed to metabolize the drug. Skin conditions, such as heat rashes, ringworms and mild cases of psoriasis which are a common phenomenon

Diversity Enhancement Programs at the Workplace Research Paper

Diversity Enhancement Programs at the Workplace - Research Paper Example The aim of this work is to look at some of the benefit programs used by organisation to enhance diversity at the workplace. The literature review looks at the evolution diversity and some of the benefit programs used by modern organisations to enhance diversity. This study gathered data through qualitative research method. Questionnaires collect information from staff and management. Qualitative research process will be supported by interpretive analysis approach. The research ascertains roles played by benefit programs in enhancing diversity. Results of this paper are necessary and fundamental to stakeholders in the modern dynamic work environment. Acknowledgement Table of Contents Employee Diversity Benefit Program Questionnaire 23 Introduction According to Rasmussen, 1996, p. 274, diversity is the mosaic of individuals who convey an assortment of settings, methods, perspectives, and ideals as resources to the teams and organisations with which they relate. There are many reasons f or the rise in diversity at the place of work. Among them is the influx of more immigrants, corporate strategic alliances, and search for skills across the globe, employing a diverse labour force because of deliberate action programs, and the growing globalization of businesses. ... Therefore, the management has to assess its benefit programs to maintain its bearing to their employees. As diversity evolves, organisations continue to focus on how they can make it a business case especially on how companies can effectively utilize diversity for competitive advantage. Diversity is getting acknowledgement as a resource capable of adding and contributing to the company’s profits. Diversity is rising almost as rapidly as the number of software sellers at an accounting conference (Talbot-Allen, 1995, p. 3) According to Clarke (1995, p. 13), it is imperative, therefore, for companies and businesses to take measures to encourage and promote diversity in the work setting. Managing diversity is a challenge as well as an opportunity for organisation’s management. It requires organisational amendments that foster a cultural background that appreciates divergences and optimizes the potential of all. A proactive focus to diversity breeds competitive advantage hen ce offering the organisation an opportunity. In an organisation, each segment discovers, describes, and organizes its understanding in distinctive ways (Fine, Johnson, & Ryan, 1990, p.306, 317). HR representatives are leading the culture change by developing a diversity dream to place the platform for successful diversity management. Training and sensitization on diversity should acknowledge that individuals are different and respond in different ways and hence management should endeavor to ease the friction. Diversity pertains learning from others, dignity and esteem for all, and developing workplace settings and procedures that foster learning and absorb the benefit of diverse viewpoints.

Strength of material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strength of material - Essay Example Yet another factor that impacts the nature of loading is the stresses, deflections and strains that the structure is subjected to. One engineering component may be subjected to strains, stresses and/or torsion at the same time, forces acting at different points according to Melchers and Hough (364). When a system is subjected a myraid of loads of this nature, the system is said to be subjected to complex loads. Some systems that commonly experience complex loading include bridges, building roof structures, differential units and shafts, just to mention a few. Figure 1: showing the structure of a bridge; different components of the bridge subjected to tension, compression, strains and stresses Courtesy http://www.300thcombatengineersinwwii.com/bridges.html Engineers have always communicated through drawings to convey messages relating to the nature and design of components and structures. In the analysis of engineering structures and components, care is usually taken to avoid failure that results due to several factors including loading and corrossion. The analysis of the forces that act on engineering structures began with the use of drawings, lines and arrows representing forces that were resolved somehow to come up with solutions or results. Superpositioning as a method of analysis has also been employed in analysing engineering components and normally involves the overlapping of forces (Courses.washington p1).

Art History - Atlantis in Dubai, UAE Research Paper

Art History - Atlantis in Dubai, UAE - Research Paper Example Hotel Atlantis is basically ocean themed and a major consideration in its design was to give visitors and guests in the hotel a feel of being under the ocean. Second theme on its design is that of a ruined and lost city below the sea, after the Atlantis. It is named after this mystical lost city. As a result, it is a rich source of ancient history, dating back to the 9600 BC although it is argued to be around 900 BC by a school of thought who thought that Plate was mistaken in his representations as to the dates that the city existed (Kleiner 112). The location of the mythical islands is also a matter of contention, with one school of thought claiming it is in the Atlantic while a majority believes that it is in the Mediterranean Sea. However, in our case, the hotel is located in the palm Jumeirah, an island in the artificial palm island in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The hotel was designed to capture the Atlantis culture, the Arabic culture and give an underwater concept. It is a marvelous piece of architecture, rich in art, in the paintings, carvings and top notch murals. The hotel is owned by Kerzner holdings and Istithmar Company. Its design is hugely borrowed from the Atlantis Resort in Bahamas, another chain of Kerzner Holdings. The hotel opened in 2008, one year after it was started construction in 2007. Many consider this hotel as the trademark of the Jumeirah islands, an icon hotel in Dubai and also double as one of the most expensive hotels in the world (Kleiner 45). The Atlantis palm sits on more than one hundred and ten acres and includes one thousand five hundred and thirty rooms. As mentioned earlier, its design is strongly influenced by the Atlantis Paradise in the Bahamas. It was inspired by Sol Kerzner, who had envisioned constructing a hotel modeled on the Atlantis, a well-known mythical lost city. There is a long story behind the origins of this myth,

Key microeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key microeconomic - Essay Example CPI should not pose a threat to firms such as Proctor and Gamble. The firm can be position in a segment of the market where it would not have to compete directly with the market leaders. The best way to achieve that goal is by implementing a differentiation strategy. A variable that can help the company achieve a differentiation strategy is the quality of its products. A second important economic variable that CPI has to consider is pricing. The pricing strategy is very important because price determines the ability of a company to achieve superior profits. Products that are underpriced may sell well but its overall effect in the profitability of a company is not optimum. CPI has to study the market prices of all the products it sells. In a pricing study the firm should analyze the market price of each product in the US, internationally and online. Selling the products at a premium price can help the firm differentiate from low cost producers. The price structure of the company shoul d be sufficient to pay off for all variable and fixed cost while at the same time leaving a hefty surplus of profits. The profit margin of the enterprise should be equal or better than the industry average.

Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy Coursework

Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy - Coursework Example Among all of the different types of cancer, breast cancer is the highest cause of death in women between the ages 20 and 59, having been responsible for 32 percent of all new cancer cases in 2003. In most patients, the metastases at distant sites of the body become the main cause of death. The rates of metastasis and mortality in breast cancer patients have recently decreased with the aid of early diagnosis by mammographic screening and the implementation of adjuvant therapy. Aromatase inhibitors may be used as adjuvant therapy, first-line, second-line or even third- line therapy (Cunnick et al 2001). Third-line therapy uses the medicine if patients relapse after the second treatment, which followed an initial treatment. Adjuvant therapy, on the other hand, aids in the eradication of breast tumor cells that might have already metastasized to different organ systems by the time of diagnosis. Cancer cells are characterized as having the ability to be viable under stressful conditions. Growth and survival factors activate a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways; these pathways play a critical role in the regulating growth, differentiation, and senescence, and have been found to prevent apoptosis under many circumstances (Ripple et al 2005). The ability of cancer cells to metastasize to other organ systems results in smaller chances of curing the disease. Common phenotypes of metastatic cancer cells have been found to be (1) unregulated growth and survival, (2) decreased cell to cell adhesion, (3) increased ability in degrading the extracellular matrix, and (4) increased motility (Zhang et al 2005). Cancer cells have been found to possess altered apoptosis signals, which are transduced by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The said gene regulates the expression of multiply apoptosis-inducing proteins that act upon the mitochondria. Normal cells are induced to apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway, where cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria. The liberated cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease, activating dactor-1 (apad-1), which assembles into an oligomer called the apoptosome. The apoptosome then recruits and activates caspase-9, which triggers a proteolytic cascade, resulting in cell death. In cancer cells, excessive mitotic signals activate the intrinsic pathway, as a result of mutations within signaling pathways (Mashima et al 2005; Ripple et al 2005).

Windeby Girl Essay Example for Free

Windeby Girl Essay The body was found in 1952 in an estate called Windeby in Northern Germany. It was discovered when the owners decided to cut the peat to sell for fuel. During the process, the body of a 14 year old girl was found, however at that time, the machinery had already caused some damage to the body. It severed a leg, a foot and a hand. Work was then immediately stopped to investigate the find. State in which the body was found When the body was first found, parts such as the hand and hair were very well preserved by the bog. Her brain was said to have retained its size and shape. The chest had, at the time, decayed and the ribs were visible. The hair had been shaved on one side and there was a blindfold over her eyes. There was a leather collar around the body’s neck, and due to the long hair and small frame, it was instantly assumed to be a girl. Why did she die? There are different theories as to why Windeby died. The first interpretation when the body was found was that she was killed as punishment for adultery. Her head was shaved, led out naked with a cloth covering her eyes and leather collar around her neck then drowned in the bog. Another body was found about five metres from Windeby Girl, it was that of a man, and at the time was said to be her partner in the acts. However, this was later unproven as further investigation was done on the bodies. Carbon dating showed that Windeby Girl died during the first century AD, whereas her supposed partner lived three centuries earlier. Due to the fact that there were no signs of trauma or struggle according the evidence on the body, ideas that this may have been a sacrificial ritual were proposed. Later Investigation: Windeby Girl is a Boy In 1952, when Windeby Girl was first found, the discoverers assumed that she was girl due to the long hair and small frame. In 1970, Heather Gill-Robinson, a biological anthropologist, examined the body’s skeleton and proposed that the body could in fact be a boy. More than 30 years later, in 2007, a DNA testing was done ad a professor from North Dakota State University proved that the body was indeed male. The DNA and bone testing also showed that the boy may have been malnourished and was often sick during his life. This lead to the theory that the boy may have simply died due to natural causes and the blindfold was there to â€Å"protect the living from the gaze of the dead† or may have merely been a band to hold back his hair and slipped down due to shrinkage of the body. His half bald head maybe have also been due to careless excavation or natural causes such as decay over time.

The Bureaucracy Of The United States Government Politics Essay

The Bureaucracy Of The United States Government Politics Essay The Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States of America is charged with the task of exercising the powers of the government over its citizens as well as enforcing the laws created by the Legislative Branch, the Congress. Although overseen by one person, the President of the United States, many more people are involved in the process. The United States Congress consists of a fair number of people from the 535 elected members and their personal staff members to the support staff who work in the Capitol Building itself. The Judicial Branch as well has many members from the Supreme Court Justices to other Federal Judges in lower courts. However the Executive Branch contains the most members in its complicated and massive bureaucratic system. All organizations, administrations, and agencies, often part of what is referred to as the Federal alphabet soup due to the many abbreviations, that fall under this branch originate from some power granted by the somewhat vague Article II of the United States Constitution, or as means of exercising the powers granted to Congress in Article I. While the federal bureaucracy demonstrated in the executive branch may appear to be massive and complicated, the goal is to bring about an understanding of its purpose in the United States government and how it plays a role in an ordinary citizens life. In almost every aspect of ones life, a person must interact in some way, direct or not, with a federal agency from the Internal Revenue Service for tax payment to the Department of Labor ensuring fair payment for a persons work, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which ensures a persons safety in the workplace. By having increased understanding in the purpose and operation of such departments in the federal government, a citizen is more able to have true understanding of issues pertaining to them that have potential to influence their voting for not only the President, but also members of Congress. The reason I have selected this topic to focus on in my research is primarily due to the fact that, outside of Presidential actions, the importance of the rest of the people in the Executive Branch is often not taught in Social Studies classes or high school political science-based classes. Students are taught that the role of the Executive branch is to enforce the laws passed by Congress, but the actual process of how such action occurs seems to be missing. In some cases in my research I was surprised when I began making connections between ideas, especially when I began to realize the sheer size of some departments. Therefore, for my own sake, I would like to look into this dark and mysterious area so as to enlighten myself and become better informed how agencies that already affect me operate and who is truly in charge. Literature Review The Federal Bureaucracy Within the Executive Branch of the United States government is an administrative center where the laws created by Congress are put into action. According to Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle, and Ansolabehere (2011), from an organizational standpoint, the bureaucracy is a system created by the elected politicians seeking to accomplish objectives as well as solve issues created by the nature of collective action (p. 272). A law cannot be put into action without supporting systems in place to ensure compliance, regulate actions of those affected, and so forth. Because of this connection, the system of executive agencies exists in a unique balance between two branches of government, Executive and Legislative. Carpenter (2005) notes that, while these agencies operate under the President of the United States, departments including, but not limited to, defense, education and agriculture are truly operated by Congressional action and mandate. Because of this the true nature of this bureaucracy is sha ped, perhaps, not by the Chief Executive, but rather by the Legislature. The clear path for analyzing such as system as is found in the federal government is to begin with its creation. For the United States this is to look at the men who created its Constitution and through their work shaped the future of the nation. Looking at the document itself reveals little information to assist in an understanding of the idea. Article II of the US Constitution states that the executive power is given to the President, and further reading only elaborates a minor amount to state that he is also the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, but only two minor clauses give any indication to the actual powers granted to this position. The first indicates that the President may require the heads of executive departments to give their opinion to him, such as advice, related to their duties for their department (U.S. Const. art. II, Â §2, cl. 1). The second establishes the presidents power to appoint people to positions such as ambassadors, Judges and others with the consen t of Congress (Ibid., cl. 2). These two clauses alone shed little light on the powers given to the President and how the bureaucracy was created. As previously noted, the other aspect of the federal bureaucratic system lies in its role of executing the laws created by Congress. Article I of the Constitution enumerates many specific powers given to Congress which, while they are able to create legislation to regulate such areas, the actual execution or regulation occurs through agencies and departments of the executive branch. Therefore it can be taken that the task of such groups, as well as the President as Chief Executive, does not need to be as clearly stated due to the already clarified powers of Congress. However, this seems not to be the truth behind the significant lack of information presented in the Constitution about a piece of the government that now, in hindsight at least, is the most relevant to the everyday citizen. Perhaps at the time of writing the document they were unaware of the significance of such a branch, or, as Irons (2006) argues they simply wished to not focus on such an issue. Instead they preferred to focus even more on the Legislature they were creating and would focus on the presidency at a later date (pp. 37-40). Departments of the Executive Branch In the early years of the United States, the departments falling under control of the executive branch were few in number, yet significantly large for the time. In fact, these departments began under the idea of committees of areas including correspondence, claims, and war to avoid creating departments too similar to colonial bureaucracy experienced under British rule. These committees are the equivalent to the modern-day State Department, Department of the Treasury, and Department of Defense, respectively (Carpenter, 2005, p. 45). However, this was quickly dropped in favor of the disliked, yet highly effective executive agencies seen in Britain and France at the time. These few departments, however, were significant in their size as Carpenter explains. He notes that in the early 1800s, the US Post Office Department employed over 8,000 employees, larger than many private companies at the time. This does not even consider the size of the military departments especially in a time where the United States continued to face many conflicts, including the War of 1812 (Ibid., p. 42). Andrew Jacksons presidency is significant in the expansion of executive departments and is viewed by some to be the creator of the American bureaucracy. Crenson (1975) argues this point citing Jacksons significant reorganizations of several departments during his administration in the 1830s. Major changes occurred in the Post Office and General Land Office, as well as multiple, lesser changes in both the War and State Departments. Additionally he targeted the Treasury Department and Navy Department but was denied these changes by Congress (p. 3). The idea of reorganizing a department is important in the creation of a bureaucracy because it takes vague ideas of operational standards, stripping them from the people performing them, and redefines them as abstract functions (Crenson, 4). These functions are no longer related to a specific person, but rather a role within the institution that must be filled and put into action. The department loses personal ideas in favor of uniform and e fficient operation, an effect that may be positive or negative given an individual departments situation. The influence of presidents on the bureaucracy they control has been mostly maintained throughout its history through the spoils system. This system is the collective idea that once a person is elected to a position of power, they will give those they like or those from whom they want support positions of importance within the government, namely as a departmental head within the bureaucratic system. Andrew Jackson is one of the presidents known best historically for major change in the positions of the bureaucracy. Crenson notes that in a significant number of departments Jackson took people important from his campaign and past endeavors giving them grand supervisorial positions within the executive branch. Research Statement The bureaucracy of the executive branch of the United States government is an incredibly important structure to the operation of the federal government and the nation collectively. Every person, on a regular basis, must interact in some form with one or more of the departments, agencies, or corporations within the executive branch. Because the structure is so massive and complex with structured employee and supervisor roles it can be complicated to fully understand how it operates and its impact on the lives of citizens. As such, further study must be completed for a person not otherwise familiar with the organizational structure and politics of such a system for complete understanding to be attained. Based in the information already presented, it is clear that there is a unique history to the system of bureaucracy that exists within the United States government. This is especially true in the influence both the President and Congress have on the operation and scope of the departments. How, therefore, do the department and cabinet members of the executive branch function in regard to decisions by the President of the United States? Additionally, as demonstrated by Andrew Jackson, the president has an important role in the selection of important members of bureaucratic agencies. How, in this case, do presidents, namely Presidents Jackson and George W. Bush, shape the operations of these departments on an institutional level as well as personally with department heads and cabinet members? The questions above are significant to a discussion of the American bureaucracy because the role of the president as chief executive of the branch is of significant importance to the operation of the agencies falling under his power. Additionally, because each president is given the authority to appoint persons of his choosing to significant positions within the agencies, it is clear that this would give him power to control the agencies in manners in line with his political partys ideology. Full comprehension of this matter is important to understanding the overall operation of the agencies within. Research Findings Departments and the President The function of bureaucrats within the executive branch is determined largely by Congress through bills passed by them; however, the President holds an important role in shaping the manner in which agencies operate within the scope of such Congressional statutes. Shane notes that since the 1960s the President of the United States has changes roles from being an overseer of the executive branch to one who makes decisions for the agencies. Congress, in passing bills which shape the role of the executive branch, tends to be somewhat non-specific in its language, often to please both parties and allow such a bill to pass. As a result, the directives to the executive agency may leave room for Presidential policy to be implemented (2009, p. 147). That is to say that the method by which a Congressional statute is carried out can be dependent on the political views of the President. The President can make such decisions in multiple ways, from creating administrative rules and suggesting poli cies to the departments within the executive branch to his selection of administrators for these departments, to be analyzed more fully in the following section. The Presidents control of the bureaucracy is described as a principal-agent problem. (Lowi, et al., 2011) The idea in this situation is that the bureaucratic agencies must satisfy the desires of both Congress and the President, lest Congress pass more specific legislation or perhaps decrease their budget and scope of authority or the President seek to change the organizations structure to suit their desires. Therefore the agency will wish to respect the Presidents desire for bureaucratic drift for the sake of the continuation of their position. Bureaucratic drift, as used by Lowi, et al., is the difference between the original legislations intentions and the final outcome as implemented in the executive branch. President Franklin Roosevelt is a good example of the direction the White House as a collective, that is to say more than the President and to include his advisors and other staff members, provides to its agencies. He created in 1937 the Committee on Administrative Management which was an official way in which a group of experts, along with the President, could monitor bureaucratic action and enforce Presidential decisions in the agencies (Lowi, et al., 2011). President George W. Bush also made clear his views of the power of the President to have the authority to specify how executive agencies were to operate within the confines of Congressional statutes. Shane states that during the first six years of the G. W. Bush administration, that is 2001-2007, he objected 363 times when signing bills noting that Congress may be stepping on his executive power to direct agencies with their bill (2009, p. 155). Such a direct statement makes clear that many people believe the President to have significant power in the operational procedures for the agencies within the Executive Branch. Shane notes, however, that while the President does have significant policy setting power within the executive branch, agencies are not required to follow such requests as they are not hard and written law, but rather have the power of suggestion. The recourse a president could take against agencies not following such Presidential policy is to modify the organizations leadership structure as will be seen in the next section. However, just as an agency not following the Presidents desires can find themselves in a tough situation, the reverse is also true. A president who publicly declares displeasure with an agency and an attempt to change the way it operates often finds himself in a less than ideal situation in which he appears to be in the wrong. Shane (2009) notes that the desire for appearing to be a strong and powerful president often stops such drastic backlash against the department f rom happening for the sake of public image. Even so, the President still maintains a significant role in determining the execution of Congressional statutes in the operational policies of executive bureaucracy. Administrators and the President The President has significant power to determine policy within the executive branchs bureaucracy in two ways. The first, dictating policy to the agencies, has been analyzed previously and now the focus can be shifted to the second power of the President, nomination of departmental administrators. Although Congress must approve all appointments the President makes, unless a significant problem exists with a nomination it will generally be supported by Congress. Lowi, et al. (2011) speaks about the many controls a President has on the operation of the bureaucracy, and the importance of before-the-fact controls. They suggest that the most powerful control of this sort a President can have is that of the appointment process. There are many reasons that this power is so significant to a president. First, the appointment process allows a president to select administrators for the departments that, ideally, share his political view and are on good terms with him so that when he makes an exe cutive decision over the agencies he can expect the decision to be carried out as he wished. Secondly, this process, by selecting trustworthy individuals, allows a president to be comfortable knowing that they do not need to constantly be a watchdog for the agencies because they can trust the administrators who are running such agencies. Andrew Jackson was, according to Crenson (1975), the first president to truly utilize the power of the appointment to its fullest. In addition to the previously mentioned bureaucratic reorganizations he implemented with the help of Congress, he also appointed many administrative positions, carefully selecting people to create a more personal bureaucracy for him to work with. Amos Kendall was a prime example of Jacksons ability to handle administrative appointments well. He was appointed a chief clerk and in his work created strict bureaucratic policies for those he oversaw, exactly as Jackson wanted to happen. A quality appointment leads not only to a bureaucracy that operates as a President wishes, but also to one that recognizes his power as Chief Executive (Crenson, 1975, p. 75). To see the opposite scenario in which a poor appointment of someone not in line with presidential opinion, as well as poor handling of bureaucratic operation, one can analyze the appointment and work of Christine Todd Whitman by President George W. Bush. Whitman was selected to be the head of the Environmental Protection Agency shortly after Bush won the 2000 election. Flanders argues that her appointment was motivated by a desire to balance Bushs planned appointments, as Whitman was often described as a quite left Republican, or a liberal conservative. Again we see here the impact of public view, and Congressional opinion, of bureaucratic operation and how the President must step carefully through such decisions. Whitman served less than two and one-half years as the head of the EPA for several reasons. The media often wrote about her clashes with President Bush over policy for the EPA, as well as Bushs White House staff members and his own suggestions as to the dissemination of inf ormation to the public about pollution and environmental safety. Of particular note was the EPAs role after the attacks of September 11, 2001 in their analysis of the safety in New York City. Although denied by Whitman afterward, there is distinct evidence, according to Flanders that the White House put pressure on her to release false information, as well as the White House also altering press releases on the topic of air quality. Almost immediately after the attacks Whitman declared the air safe to breathe and said there was no concern for people to return to work. President Bush wanted Americans to continue on in their lives and keep the nation, especially its economic center, moving forward. Many scientists within the EPA warned that the asbestos levels alone were of significant concern, but their opinions were drowned out. The example of Christine Todd Whitman is important because it demonstrates what can happen when a president and those he appoints do not get along in terms of policy views. A good choice for department head can turn bad when such policy is central to an administration, and when an administrator resigns as a result, public image is not positive for the President. Stepping back from specific examples, it is clear that the President of the United States has a significant impact on the operation of the federal bureaucracy. From appointments to setting policy guidelines, even within Congressional statutes, the executive power is quite massive. Congress provides the bureaucratic agencies with the mandate of what they are to do, but the President sets the tone for how such action is to be accomplished. The relationship between President and the departments of the executive branch is historically very significant to the operation of the nation as a whole.