Safe guarding adults Essay Example for Free

Safe guarding adults EssayAb practise is the violation of an individuals human and civil rights by any a nonher(prenominal) individual or persons. The harm whitethorn be corpo satisfying, psychological or emotional or whitethorn be directed at exploiting the vulnerability of the victim in a more subtle way. on that point be many different types of annoyance such as sensible, inner, emotional, neglect, ontogeny, discriminatory, institutional, bullying, self-harm and domestic maltreatment. Institutional revilement is the maltreatment of a person (often children or older adults) from a system of power. This understructure range from acts similar to blank space-based child make fun, such as neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and hunger, to the make of assistance programs working(a) below acceptable armed service standards, or relying on harsh or unfair ways to modify behavior. Institutional abuse potful typically occur in a flush home, nursing home, a curbe hospital or in-patient setting and bottom be any of the following discriminatory abusefinancial abuseneglectphysical abusepsychological and emotional abusesexual abuseverbal abuse1Exploitation is the fact or action of treating rise up-nighone unfairly in pronounce to benefit from their work.The main type of exploitation in health and hearty billing is financial exploitation. Financial abuse can flash many forms. For instance, deed of conveyance to the older persons home or other assets is transferred to the abuser and then sold. Funds from checking, savings, and investment estimates atomic number 18 indrawn with give away authorization. Wills are changed through intimidation. Loans are treatn come out and the funds given to the abuser. Checks are signed over to the abuser, who cashes them. Even outright theft of property whitethorn occur.2 Its withal almost abuse of power, where negociaters use their determination with vulnerable adults for their own gain. Eg.Sexua l gain, financial gainResidential CareA suspicious care giver might misuse an elders individualized checks, credit cards, or accounts, forge the elders signature or steal cash, income checks, or household goods. This can occur in the residential care home because the PWUS is vulnerable to trusting their health care practitioner as they seem reliable.3Domestic violence and abuseAny incident or pattern of incidents of peremptory or threatening behavior, violence or abuse. The abuse can be psychologicalphysicalsexualfinancialemotionalSigns and symptomsHere are few signs to observation tower forBruises or injuries that look like they came from choking, punching, or existence thrown down. Black eyes, red or purple marks at the neck, and sprained wrists are coarse injuries in violent relationships. Attempting to hide bruises with makeup or clothing Making excuses like tripping or creation accident-prone or clumsy. Often the seriousness of the injury does not match up with the exp lanation.Example 2A nurse comes to visit a agree in domiciliary care, after couple of visits nurse notices bruising on the women when doing personal care and notices she is more withdrawn then usual and becomes defensive when the nurse asks about the bruising. overly the husband has to lenify in the room when his wifes personal care takes place and only a woman is allowed to care for his wife, else he gets aggressive towards the womenDiscriminatory vitiateExamples of discriminatory abuseDiscriminatory abuse is mistreatment on the grounds of a person having a detonateicular characteristic such as a differing ethnicity sex activity age disability sexuality health status religion. Denying one individual or group the same rights as another individual or group.4 For slip, soulfulness could be assaulted delinquent to the colour of their skin. 1 A carer looking after a person in domiciliary care, and not respecting their privacy due to them being a veritable gender or race. For p oser, the carer going through draws/ fetching belongings due to a presumption about their ethnicity.Signs and SymptomDiscriminatory abuse can hold unequal treatment due to race, gender, religion, age, sexuality or disability verbal abuse, inappropriate language, slurs, harassment and deliberate exclusion denial of prefatorial human and civil rights e.g. allowing pack to follow their own spiritual or cultural beliefs or choice about their own sexuality Indicators of discriminatory abuse whitethorn involvelack of choicelack of privacy and dignitylack of personal belongingsuse of punishment withholding food and throwstrong-arm Abuse sensual abuse is defined as the use of physical force that may direct in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment. Physical abuse may include hitting, beating, pushing, shoving, shaking, slapping, kicking, pinching, and burning. withal, inappropriate use of drugs and physical restraints, force-feeding, and physical punishment of any kind also are examples of physical abuse.Signs and symptomsbruises, corrosive eyes, welts, lacerations, and rope marksbone fractures, broken bones, and skull fractures able wounds, cuts, punctures, untreated injuries in various stages of healing sprains, dislocations, and internal injuries/ shed blood broken eyeglasses/frames, physical signs of being subjected to punishment, and signs of being restrainedSexual AbuseSexual abuse is defined as sexual pertain of any kind with a person. Sexual contact with any person incapable of giving consent is also considered sexual abuse. It includes un requireed touching, all types of sexual assault or battery, such as rape, sodomy, coerced nudity, and sexually explicit p fieryographing.5 Signs and symptomsbruises around the breasts or genital areaunexplained venereal disease or genital infectionsunexplained vaginal or anal bleedingtorn, stained, or bloody underclothing andAn elders report of being sexually assaulted or raped.Emotional or Psychological Ab useEmotional or psychological abuse is defined as the infliction of pain or di speech pattern through verbal or nonverbal acts. Emotional/psychological abuse includes verbal assaults, insults, threats, intimidation, humiliation, and harassment. In addition, treating an older person like an infant isolating an elderly person from his/her family, friends, or regular activities giving an older person the silent treatment and enforced social isolation are examples of emotional/psychological abuse.Signs and symptomsbeing emotionally upset or agitatedbeing extremely withdrawn and non-communicative or non-responsive nonperformanceNeglect is defined as the refusal or nonstarter to fulfil any part of a persons obligations or duties. Neglect may also include calamity of a person who has fiduciary responsibilities to provide care for a vulnerable adult. For example an elder (e.g., pay for necessary home care services) or the failure on the part of an in-home service provider to provide nece ssary care. For example, failure to provide an elderly person with such life necessities as food, water, clothing, shelter, personal hygiene, medicine, comfort, personal safety, and other essentials included in an implied or agreed-upon responsibility to an elder.Signs and symptomsdehydration, malnutrition, untreated bed sores, and poor personal hygiene unatcourseed or untreated health problems unassured or unsafe living condition/arrangements (e.g., improper wiring, no heat, or no running water) unsanitary and unclean living conditions (e.g. dirt, fleas, lice on person, soiled bedding, piddle smell, inadequate clothing) and An elders report of being mistreated. boss aroundTo bully mortal is where an individual uses their superior strength to intimidate or influence person to do something that they want them to do. E.g. Bully a person with a mental illness to move or eat something if they do not want to.6Signs and symptomsDepending on the extent of the bullying, the signs and sym ptoms can be a range of physical and emotional ones.These can includeThe victim becoming withdrawn and quietRepeated injuries which cant be explained such as bruises, burns or cutsThe victim showing signs of losing focus and becoming unable to concentrateSigns of compulsive behaviourAn example of bullying in an old states home for craziness and Alzheimers http//www.bbc.co.uk/ pertlys/uk-wales-south-east-wales-12125575 Self-HarmSelf-harm is an indicator of abuse. As a carer you should pick up on self-harm and put the appropriate/care in place to deal with issues. Legal responsibility safeguard-duty of care Deliberate injury to oneself, typically as a manifestation of a psychological or psychiatric disorderSigns and symptomsUnexplained cuts, bruises, burns etc. usually on wrists, arms, thighs and chest Keeping fully covered all the time, even in hot weatherDepressed nature low mood, tearfulness, lack of motivation and interest in anything Withdrawing from othersP2 Detailed descript ions of the indicators of abuse and self-harmDisclosureThis is where the PWUS voluntarily dictates you or through intervention orcounselling says that they pass on been step. This is an self-explanatory indicator because it is coming directly from the person who has been abused. After the PWUS has told this information to a carer it would then be their duty to pull back it on and for an investigation to take place. As a carer you have legal responsibility to report this. The incident should be further investigated because the PWUS may have a mental disability and may not understand what abuse is, therefore they may say they have been abused when in fact they havent. For example a person with dementia might think they are being abused plainly really they may just be confused. On the other hand someone may reveal they have been abused but may not reveal the full extent of the abuse. An example of where disclosure may occur is in domiciliary care where self-harm is taking place in the PWUS own home. When the carer comes to the PWUS home they may reveal to them that they are self-harming.Changes in behaviourThis can include many different things such as confusion, trouble with sleeping, loss of confidence and expressions of anger/frustration. Changes in behaviour can tardily go ignored because in care settings the supply are usually quite busy catering for everyones ineluctably whilst trying to follow up procedures. This meanspiriteds staff may not notice such a change in PWUS behaviour. Some changes may be more obvious than others, for example, if there is a person who is usually quite loud, bubbly, chatty or out-going and then they become quiet, reserved, start isolation themselves and submissive then this is quite an obvious change in behaviour. An example of changes in behaviour may be in a care home where one PWUS starts to avoid a accepted carer and shows fear when they are around, this may be due to this carer being abusive in the past.Difficul ties with financeThis may be easier to notice as it would be quite easy to notice if someone had taken a lump sum of money from an account however it may be hard to link it with abuse straight away. Especially if a person has given someone their trust with their finance, you may not want to believe they are abusing that trust. The indicator may be more obvious if it is a sudden change from having plenty of money to struggling with finances. This is likely to be noticed by someone who is around the PWUS when they spend their money orsomeone who deals with their finances.An example for this indicator may be where a PWUS is being taken out for the day through community care and they are unable to undergo their lunch even though they had plenty of money to last a couple of weeks only days before. They may go to get the money from their pocket edition and then have nothing in there. It may also be hard to detect whether someone is being abused financially as if its an elderly person with dementia they may have just misplaced their money or forgotten where they have put someone. However if this happens on a regular occurrence then it might have to be put into investigation.Stress which triggers health problemsThis may be harder to link to abuse as stress can come from many different experiences and events in persons life which can happen at any stage. Mental health problems may be depression, anxiety, dementia etc. In this situation if mental health problems are spotted there should be an investigation to make sure the real cause of this is found. This may be likely to occur in an elderly peoples home where abuse leads to stress which then makes a PWUS dementia worse. A person with dementia is already likely to be stressed as they forget things (even things like forgetting where they are) and they get confused so it would be classical to look deeper into stress in case there is any un sleep withn or undiscovered cause to the stress.Unexplained injuriesBruises a nd scars are signs of abuse. These are the more obvious indicators as they are visible. A PWUS might try to hide these signs because they feel embarrassed or they might feel its their fault. The abuser might excite them and say that its their fault and make the PWUS feel shameful. For example in a care home a carer might be abusing an elderly with dementia by grabbing theirs wrists and pulling them around or hurting them and then saying to the PWUS that its their fault. They might say no one pull up stakes believe them if you tell because youre crazy, you have dementia.They wont believe you you make me do this to you. So as you can see this would be enough to make a PWUS feel too scared to talk of their physical abuse and they may feel too embarrassed or like no one will believe them. So unexplained injuries could be a sign of abuse so if you see this its classical to look into whatcaused the injury. forgetful HygienePoor hygiene can be a sign of abuse as it could be a sign of ne glect. Hygiene could be theyre own personal hygiene like not looking and smelling clean. Or it could be their environment for example if its someone who is living at home but has a carer come to look after them or help them. A sign of neglect could be the house is not clean, or their duvet smells miry and their clothes to. However it may also be where a PWUS has more difficult needs and the practitioner leaves them out to avoid catering to their difficult needs.Physical indicators-scars-hygiene-malnourishment-cancers-heart disease- apprehension attacks-mouth ulcersBehavioural indicators-not trusting other people-low mood-low self-esteem-becoming passive or complaint-poor attendance at school or to social activities-attention seeking-mood swings-withdrawn-aggressive behaviour towards others-not expressing wishes or choices-difficulty sleeping-social isolationBoth-Difficulty to pay bills-depression-break down in relationships-unemployment-povertyP3 Explanations of factors that may le ad to abusive situations Vulnerable adults may includeLearning disabilities They dont fully understand how to look after themselves and people may get frustrated because they do not understand certain things. They may have a lack of social awareness that they are being abused or treated unfairly e.g. Down syndrome goes to cinema and pays and isnt aware of how much change they should get. Physical disabilities They physically cant do some things for themselves, cant fight back when being abused. They are reliant on others for personal care, if care isnt provided they can become neglected which may lead to infection, dehydration, malnourishment etc. Dementia Unable to look upon things which means people can take advantage of them. Memory confusion may mean the PWUS doesnt realise they are being abused, this may tend to be financial abuse because they ae unable to keep track of their money so wont notice if any goes missing.Mental health needs They are unaware of what is normal and wh at isnt therefore they may think abuse is normal and they shouldnt tell anyone about it. Due to mental melancholy there may be confusion or lack of understanding over the abuse taking place. Aphasia This is similar to dementia and the memory problem may cause confusion and someone may take advantage of this. A sensory impairment For example blind/deaf. Blind people cant see you taking money (cant see abuse taking place). Deaf people cant hear verbal abuse taking place. Ill health (cancer, diabetes) heap with ill health need personal care, and they may not know how to get the help that they need. They might be open to poor quality services as desperation means they will try anything. Someone may take advantage of this desperation by charging carve up of money for something that wont work. (Practitioners making false claims) Older people Tend to require or be reliant for personal care and managing finances therefore someone may take advantage of managing their finances by taking mo ney for themselves. They also may be forgetful so may not notice the abuse taking place.Environments where abuse may take placeday care centrescommunity careday care indie livingresidential carehospitalshomehealth services, e.g. GP surgeries, dental surgeries, physiotherapyContexts of abuseAdults who feel shame or fear of reporting this may affect anyone as they may be scared of any repercussions that may happen as a result of reporting abuse. Discriminatory practice this may affect anyone because everyone could be a victim of being discriminated against. This would occur if the person has a protected characteristic of which they are being discriminated against.People who are strung-out on others for personal care, for example physical disabilities. This may lead to abuse as the PWUS may be rough handled and/or neglected. Adults who do not have the social awareness that abuse has taken place this may include PWUS with dementia or a learning difficulty. Financial abuse may be likely to take place as the PWUS will be unaware that their money is missing. Communication difficulties this could affect a PWUS who is an aphasiac, has a sensory impairment or has autism. They may not be able to fight back or stick up for themselves. They also may not understand the abuse as well as struggle to report it. Social isolation this is likely to occur with older people in their own homes or people with a mental illness because they may live alone and not go out and see friends meaning they are going without any social contact.People with a mental illness may socially isolate themselves on purpose because they do not want to be around other people. Bullying within care services this could also affect anyone and it is where a carer may exert their power over a PWUS to show that they are above the PWUS. It may also happen between PWUS where verbal or physical abuse is taking place. Invasion of privacy this couldalso affect any of the groups and may be where a PWUS is not given p rivacy to get undressed or go to the bathroom etc. Relationships involving power any of the groupsLack of mental potentiality to consent to sexual relationships This may include people with learning difficulties and mental illness and because they cant consent this is where sexual abuse may take place and the health or care professional may take advantage of this. Examples of people who may abuseHealth or care professionals, those working in health or care environments, other people using services, partners, carers, relatives, friends, strangers and volunteers. Reasons why these people may abuseThe abuse may be due to a historical cycle of abuse where the abused becomes the abuser. Being abused in the past may lead someone to think that it is sanction to abuse others. People with depression/anger management issues may use their power over others to abuse. Those with anger management may be unable to assure their actions in a fit of rage. Reduced mental capacity maybe due to learn ing difficulty or mental illness may mean they do not understand that what they are doing is abusive. They may feel as though what they are doing is not wrong as they do not know the boundaries of what is right and wrong. Poor safeguarding procedures may mean practitioners may not fully understand their role in protecting PWUS. This means the abuse may be accidental because they are not following certain procedures correctly.Cultural differences/first language not being English may lead to frustration and misapprehension between a practitioner and PWUS. Poor role model in a senior member of staff may mean that any new members of staff think its common practice and that its okay for them to abuse the PWUS. First hand experiences of violence may lead to imitation of behaviour. Poor care from the health care professionals may be due to long hours, bringing in personal issues to work and taking it out on service users. Also being in a low paid job and being short staffed can all be con tributing factors to poor care. Short staffing may mean that there is not enough time to care for all the PWUS properly. M1 Short term effects of abusePhysical abuse/exploitationPhysical abuse can have many effects (short-term and long-term) on a PWUS and these can be physical, intellectual, emotional and social Physical health and wellbeing is the supportive functioning of body systems and the absence of illness or disease. It is getting the right amount of nutrients, activity and rest needed to function. The potential short term effects of physical abuse on physical health and wellbeing include dehydration and malnourishment from not getting enough food and water. Also injuries such as bruising, cuts, finger print marks, whiplash, friction burns. There may also be long term effects for these injuries, for example if a PWUS gets a cut during personal care and this is not dealt with then it could get infected which could, in severe cases, lead to something like blood poisoning. Lon g term effects of head word injuries may include something such as epilepsy which is very serious and could affect the PWUS in many different aspects of their life, for example they wouldnt be able to watch films with flashing lights or go places like carnival or fair which usually have flashing flights which could prevent them spending special days out with their families.The potential short term effects of sexual exploitation may be injuries caused to the genital area as well as STIs being passed on during sexual abuse which may take place in community care. PWUS with learning difficulties may be sexually abused as they would not understand what is happening and/or if it is abuse or if it is normal .This is because they dont always know the difference between right and wrong and if the abuser is telling them its okay and normal they might not think any different as the abuser is meant to be the person caring for them. Financial exploitation could lead to the PWUS having to go wit hout food and basic necessities as they are short of money therefore they may become malnourished.Financial abuse may take place in care from home where the carer has a responsibility to deal with their money and finances and they slowly and sneakily transfer money into their own account or they may take cash which is lying around and then make out the PWUS is just forgetting where they have put it and take advantage. This could go easily unnoticed as there would only be one carer and its in the comfort of the elderly PWUS home so not as many people would be there to become suspicious or realise.Intellectual health and wellbeing involves positive learning experiences which lead to skills and language being developed throughout life. Getting support to be able to learn and being mentally stimulated and challenged. The short term effects of physical abuse may include a head injury caused by the PWUS being shaken which may cause problems with cognitive processes and may cause the PWUS to become confused as well as have trouble with memory. If abusive practice is extensive enough that standard activity to stimulate intellect cannot be done by the PWUS because they may be unable to concentrate. This may lead to a fall in attendance at school/work. The short term effects of exploitation may include a PWUS being unable to focus on certain tasks due to thinking about being sexually taken advantage of.Also with financial exploitation the PWUS may have money worries due to their money being taken from them without their permission, this may then lead to them not taking part in activities that could stimulate the brain. If a PWUS is having money taken from them in their home during domiciliary care then they may feel very confused. Also a PWUS may be exploited by not being able to be involved in certain activities as a result of the carer go forth them out, maybe because their needs are more difficult than some of the other PWUS. This may lead to them not being intellec tually stimulated and stumping their discipline in different skills and language.Emotional health and wellbeing includes being able to express yourself and if emotional support is required, being able to find and use this support. It is also being happy and secure in yourself as well as being in good mental health. Many emotions can arise when physical abuse and exploitation takes place and they tend to be very negative and can have negative effects on the person. Feelings of fear of the abuser are likely to occur, as a result of physical abuse. They may fear they may be abused again. If the abuse took home in a care home they may feel to scared to ever go into a care home again through the fear of being abused again. If it was sexual abuse they may feel upset and embarrassed/humiliated about the abuse. The abuser may also make the person feel as though the abuse is their fault therefore they may feel guilty and start to get a low mood which is the beginning of depression. The pers on being abused may become angry about the abuse aswell as becoming anxious about it happening again.This could also lead to panic attacks. Exploitation such as a PWUS being treated unfairly by being left out/not interacted with as much as other PWUS may lead to them becoming upset and lower their self-confidence. They may start to make less of an effort and become withdrawn as they will feel excluded. Financial exploitation can lead to confusion as to where money is going and upset over not having enough money for certain things. Also if the PWUS becomes aware of the financial exploitation they may feel very taken advantage of and maybe helpless that they cant do anything about it. They may feel no one will believe them or they may feel to scared to report it as they may fear abuse afterwards. Or they may feel maybe they are just being confused because thats whats the carer has told them so they believe it.Social health and wellbeing is where a person has a social network of friend s and family and is able to keep and form meaningful relationships. Also going out with these friends and families and enjoying yourself by taking part in different activities. Short term effects of physical abuse and exploitation on social health and wellbeing may include becoming withdrawn and not wanting to see friends and family. A PWUS, for example in a residential home, may stanch wanting to participate in the activities provided and may stop interacting with other residents.The person may stop interacting with others as well as stop making choices for themselves and allowing others to make their choices for them. This will make them loose their independency which could result in them later being taken advantage of. Also the PWUS may begin to imitate unacceptable behaviour as they have poor role models around them. Exploitation could lead to a PWUS not wanting to interact with others if they have been left out in the past or have been taken advantage of. This could lead to so cial isolation as they would push people away and may lose social contacts.Strengths of spotting signs and symptoms earlyThe indicators or example signs of abuse are clues that something is happening in the life of the person that should be looked into. Some indicators are obvious signs of abuse. Other indicators are subtle, requiring careful observation. In some situations abuse may not be occurringat all. It is important to think about the person and any health or behavioural issues they have. Some people may get injured more easily due to health reasons or aging. For example, some medications and some health problems like hemophilia (where the blood clots slowly) can cause easy bruising. Some people may engage in self-injurious behaviours that cause injuries that look like abuse. Even if you discover that a person has a health or behavioural issue that might be the cause of the injury, it is still important to investigate to rule out abuse as the cause. It is important to put as ide any biases that you might have that care providers would not abuse a person with a disability that they support.

Salvador Dali Essay Example for Free

Salvador Dali EssaySalvadore Felipe Jacinto Dali Y Domenech was born on May 11, 1904 . in Figueras, Spain. He was a Spanish Surrealist painter and printmaker by trade. Dali is commonly regarded as having been artistic creationistically influential for his explorations of subconscious mental imagery. As an art student in capital of Spain and in Barcelona, Dali assimilated a vast number of artistic styles and displayed unusual technical facility as a painter. It was not until the late 1920s however, that two events brought closely the development of his mature artistic style. The first of these was Dalis discovery of Sigmund Freuds writings on the erotic significance of subconscious imagery and the second was Dalis affiliation with the Paris Surrealists, a group of artists and writers who sought to establish the greater reality of mans subconscious over his reason. To bring up images from the depths of his subconscious mind, Dali began to introduce hallucinatory states in himse lf by a process he described as paranoiac critical.In essence, the paranoiac critical meant spirit at one thing and seeing another. In my opinion, this is an elongate version of the face seen in the fire. Heads turn into a distant city, a landscape resolves itself as a still life, inexplicable combinations ar seen to lurk as if by magic beneath the skin of the world and thus the foundation for much Dalis artistic philosophy is established. Once Dali hit on this method, his painting style matured with unusual rapidity, and from 1927 to 1937 he produced those paintings which made him the worlds best cognize Surrealist artist. Dali depicted a dream world in which commonplace objects are juxtaposed, deformed, or otherwise metamorphosed in a bizarre and irrational fashion. Dali portrayed these objects in meticulous, almost painfully realistic detail and usually placed them within bleak, sunlit landscapes that were reminiscent of his Catalonian homeland. some(prenominal) of my resea rch indicates that the most famous of these enigmatic images is probably The Persistence of Memory (commonly known as Soft Watches) which was painted in 1931. In this painting, limp, melting watches tranquillity in an eerily calm landscape. Moving to Paris around 1928, Dali frequented the Cafe Cyrano, the headquarters of the Parisian surrealists, and in 1929, he first exhibited his own surrealist paintings. Dali continued to field of operations the writings of Sigmund Freud and subsequently declared an ambition to systemize confusion. In addition to such paintings as The Persistence of Memory, other famous kit and boodle such as The Sacrament of the Last Supper which was painted in 1955 and is currently on display at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C., have become widely known as part of the definitive record of twentieth degree centigrade art.In Dalis books, of which he wrote many himself, canvases, like The Persistence of Memory seem like looking down the wrong end of th e telescope at a brilliant, clear, shrunken and poisoned world whose deep mannerist perspective and sharp patches of shadow invite the eye exactly not the body. I doubt whether one could imagine walking on that stretched, satiny beach among the oozing watches. This atmosphere of voyeurism lent force to Dalis obsessive imagery of impotence, of violence and of guilt. Even in his most extreme moments of anticlerical shock, however, research indicates that Dali remained a Spanish Catholic. He inherited from Spanish devotional art a paralyzing morbidness about flesh. He seemed to like anything that was not erect running Camembert, soft watches, sagging loaves of flesh held up by crutches. Naturally all this was much more(prenominal) shocking fifty years ago than it is today Dali was regularly denounced by Fascists and Stalinists alike as a decadent threat to youth.When he could no long-lived annoy either the bourgeoisie or the self- appointed guardians of the proletariat, he mortally offended the avant-garde by embracing Franco and the Pope, and was duly drummed out of the surrealist group for it Dalis reaction, born(p) in such an enfant terrible (approx. translation terrible child), was to become more royalist than the King and more ostentatiously greedy than his Palm Beach and Hollywood patrons. If the net result was a tacky, phosphorescent caricature of Genius at Work, an embarrassment to most aficionados, it is still inconceivable to such eccentric art buffs that Dali the shitty boy will ever be expelled from the pantheon of modern imagination. With the Spanish director, Luis Bunuel, Dali also made two surrealistic films. The first was, Un Chien Andalou ( French for An Andalusian dog) produced in 1928 and the last mentioned was LAge Dor (The Golden Age) produced in 1930. Both of these films are commonly described as being grotesque but filled with highly suggestive images.The production of Dalis art and films was both complimented and further popularized by his maintenance of in image similar to the one reflected in his works His eccentric appearance consisting ordinarily of a silky cape, handlebar mustache, and popping eyes helped to make Salvadore Dali recognized worldwide. In the late 1930s, Dali switched to painting in a more academic style under the influence of the spiritual rebirth painter Raphael, and as a consequence, that was another example of why he was expelled from the Surrealist movement. In the later years of his life, Dali spent the majority of his time designing domain sets, interiors of fashionable shops, and jewelry as well as exhibiting his genius for flamboyant self-promotional stunts in the United States, where he lived from 1940 to 1955.In the period from 1950 to 1970, Dali painted many works with religious themes, though he continued to explore erotic subjects, to represent childhood memories, and to use themes centering on his wife, Gala. Notwithstanding their technical accomplishments, these later paint ings are apparently not as highly regarded as the artists earlier works. Salvadore Dali died on January 3, 1989 in Figueras and is now often regarded as one the greatest twentieth century artists yet.With some artists, death is only a ratification of decay it releases them from the humiliations of their late careers. So it was with Salvador Dali, who when he died at the age of 84 was perhaps the archetype of that twentieth century phenomenon, the embarrassing Genius. He was the first modern artist to exploit fully the mechanism of publicity. He appropriated the idea of the artist as demonic obsessive. He dealt with the question Why should your fantasies matter?. Clearly, Salvadore Dali utilized communication and all forms of contemporary imagery to make not only his works, but himself into a legend.BibliographyAdes, Dawn, Dali and Surrealism (1982) Dali, S.,SalvadorDali Diary of a Genius (1990) De Liano, I. G., Dali (1984) Descharnes, Robert, Dali (1984) Etherington-Smith, M., The P ersistence of Memory A Biography of Salvador Dali (1993). Various internet sites

A Ratio Analysis Of WH Smith

A Ratio Analysis Of WH smithAs a populace limited company majority of the funds avail equal to(p) for WH Smith to operate at any point in time is provided by owners in direct of manage capital and several forms for capital reserves and contain earnings. But for the purpose of this analysis, sh atomic number 18 capital will be referred to as funds provided by owners, which was 35million for both 2008 and 2009. However it is important to note that the total equity matu symmetrynd from 161m in 2008 to 188m in 2009. The main reason for this was in increase in the retained earnings from 329m in 2008 to 365m in 2009.FUNDS PROVIDED BY CREDITORSNon - modern liabilities (including trade and other payables, tax obligations, marge overdrafts and borrowings and curtly-term provisions) added up to 303m in 2008 and 281m in 2009, era non-current or long-term liabilities amounted to 24m in 2008 and 25m in 2009. Thus, total liabilities and accrued payments cut down from 327m in 2008 to 306 m in 2009. This is largely due the fact that 25m bank overdrafts were drawn in 2008 while no overdrafts were drawn in 2009. This means WH Smith is relying mainly on retained earnings and share capital as the major source of immediate payment for the furrow year.PROFITABLITYProfit office measures the loot margin of the business line (WH smith) in a financial year. In this analysis however, the profitability of WH Smith will be metrical and compared for the 2008 and 2009 financial years by relating pre-tax profit as a percentage of sales and also pre-tax profit as a percentage of persistent asset. This chamberpot be represented using the formula belowCONCLUSIONWH Smith has correctd its profit margin by a small percentage of 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12% as a result of more sales in higher margin categories such as confectionery and books. This means that out of 100 sales the company made 5.62p in 2008 and 6.12p in 2009.Fixed assets generated 4.57% more profit in 2009 than in 2008, which signifies a more efficient use of capital and fixed assets. Thus we can conclude that the company is being managed well disdain stiff competition from other large companies such as Borders and the common frugal circumstances.GROWTHTurnover Increase total sales trim from 1352m in 2008 to 1340 in 2009Profit after tax increased from 59m in 2008 to 64m in 2009 full(a) fixed assets reduced from 247m in 2008 to 232m in 2009CONCLUSIONFrom the to a higher place point we can conclude that total sales and total fixed assets have reduced considerably between 2008 and 2009, whereas, profit after tax has increased. This signifies that WH Smith is not focussinged on growth at the present (due to the prevailing economic conditions), sooner they are focused on consolidation and profit maximization (which in essential in the survival of any business oddly in the short run). This was done by getting rid of unused or unnecessary fixed assets e.g. properties, plants and equipment was reduced from 177m in 2008 to 163m in 2009 and utilizing the available resources efficiently.TRADING PERFORMANCEThe mathematical ope ration analysis of any company does not carry adequate validity without making reference to the performance of other companies in the same sector, because a parity of its performance must be measured against that of its competitors. Trading performance is calculated by using the gross profit as a percentage of share holders fundsEarnings per share for 2008 and 2009 were 35.3p and 41.3p respectively. Please refer to page 9 of the financial statement for details.CONCLUSIONIn an industry where demand and sales are greatly influenced by consumer income and demographics, the performance of WH Smith will depend largely on the marketing strategy and their ability to offer specialized products at dispirit prices. In 2008 WH smith had a return on share holders fund for 2008 was 47.20% while it was -1.93 for Amazon.co.uk ltd for the same year. At the end of the financial year, earnings per share went up 17% from 35.3p to 41.3pLIQUIDITYCurrent ratio also known as the working capital ratio measures the amount of cash available to a business in form of stock and creditors and is referred to as the working capital.WH Smith has been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from 22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009 however, not a large proportion of resources were tied up in stock during the same hitch as inventories only increased by 4m from 147m in 2008 to 151m in 2009. However, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. It is important to note however that the ratio of current assets to current liabilities is still less than 1, this means that WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasin g their total current assets.Although it is widely believed that a reasonable current ratio should fall between 1.51 and 21, given the prevailing economic conditions in this period, we can safely conclude that WH Smith is doing exceptionally well.Also, the liquid ratio reveals that a large amount of resources are tied up in liquid form, which could affect the companys performance in the long run if the sales is not improved upon.SAFETYGearingGearing measures the relationship between a companys capital employed and its long time liabilities. It gives us an idea of any companys ability to pay back its long term liabilities. However, the acceptable gearing ratio for most companies is 50%, but the lesser the better. It is calculated as followsWH Smith has been able to reduce the gearing of the business 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29% and the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is hig h. Therefore, shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year. Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) peculiarly in bad years.EFFICIENCYThis is also known as return on capital employed and is used to measure how effective a business has used its available resources to generate profit within a certain period. It is usually represented by the formula belowIt can be deduced from the above figures that WH Smith has been able to use their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the decline in the total amount from 247m to 232m. Although the cogency of the total assets has hardly improved in the same period, with the difference being 0.7%, the most noticeable increase in efficiency is that of fixed assets which has increased by 3.3%.CONCLUSIONIn the year ending 31 August 2009, WH Smith recorded a total (including non-book sales) turnover of 1,340m which was lower than 1,3 52m recorded in the earlier year. Pre-tax profit increased from 76m in 2008 to 82m in 2009. And also, earnings per share increased from 35.3p in 2008 to 41.3p in 2009Total sales reduced to 1,340m from 1,352m in 2008 (where desire for like sales dropped 5%, travel sales grew by 8% and high street sales also dropped by 5%). Whereas, WH Smith has improved its profit margin by 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12%. This improvement in gross profit margin was enhanced by tight cost control and a reduction of the total fixed assets.WH Smith has also been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from 22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009. Although a substantial amount is still tied up in stock, which could be a problem in the future. Therefore, WH Smith needs to come up with sale strategies that will quickly clear up the stock.In 2009 however, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short-term obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. Although, WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasing their total current assets.WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is very high with gearing being reduced by 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29%, and also, the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year all the same in bad years (Dividend per share increased to 16.7p in 2009). Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) especially in bad years.Finally it is worthy of note that WH Smith has been able to employ their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the reduction in the total amount from 247m to 232m.RECOMMENDATIONSWH Smith is doing very well given their financial perf ormance in the past year despite the prevailing economic circumstances. It is important to note that a large proportion of WH Smiths profit in the 2009 financial year was generated from the travel business (which includes outlets in train stations, airports, main road service stations etc.) where total sales increased by 8% driven mainly by new business wins and acquisitions. Therefore, WH Smith should focus on setting up more travel shops in areas not yet covered.Competition to sell the highest number of bestsellers is tough, as high-street bookshops are being undercut on price by supermarkets and online booksellers. Publishers appear to be offering supermarkets and online booksellers the highest discounts on their highest-profile books, allowing lower prices to be offered in these outlets. -Isla Gower ed. 2008, marketing report, pg1Another important area that WH Smith should focus on is the online book sales, which makes companies like Amazon.co.uk ltd a major competitor. Althoug h WH Smith already sells books online, there should be more marketing and promotion in this area, which would eventually return to a market expansion if harnessed properly. Also, the digitization of books through the use of e-books has made remote downloads and print-on-demand possible, and this has remarkably reduced the cost of production and can good put booksellers such as WH Smith out of business.

Budgeting as a Performance Management Technique

Budgeting as a Performance Management TechniqueFinancial measures argon inadequate for guiding and evaluating organisations trajectories through free-enterprise(a) environss.Kaplan and Norton (1996 24)In the introductory quotation, Kaplan and Norton, in their call for a balanced performance management scorecard employing financial, customer, internal business litigate, and learning and growth perspectives, cite whiz reason why finances, including cyphering, are increasingly ineffective when mappingd to the exclusion of other factors. The beyond Budgeting Round hold over (BBRT Beyond Budgeting Round Table 2007 n.p.), self-described as an independent, international interrogation collaborative, and others have identified additional drawbacks associated with focusing on budgeting as a performance management tool. This essay begins by identifying and discussing those drawbacks past continues with a discussion and evaluation of a proposed solution proposed by the BBRT.Over the past two decades the pace of competitive change has been occurring at an ever-increasing rate, but the budgetary processes of many organisations have not changed (Coombs 2005 34). Coombs suggests that traditional budgetary processes add little value because they limit an organisations ability to react to environmental changes. increase numbers of organisations recognise this problem as indicated by expressions of dissatisfaction with existing budgeting processes (Fraser 2001 n.p.). Fraser claims that, as organisations realise the diminished value of budgeting in performance management, they are acknowledging the increasing cost of, and time required by, the current budgeting process. Parmenter (2003 n.p.) claims that increasing numbers of organisations in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and the United States believe that the budget is a hindrance to management. Fraser (2000 n.p.) contends that the budgeting process, as part of the stuffy performance improvement model, is too rigid to r espond to rapid changes in todays economy.In nigh Beyond Budgeting The Budgeting Problem, the BBRT (2007 n.p.) identifies and describes problems with the traditional budgeting process. These problems are associated with budget management time and cost, user value, shareholder value, flexibility, business costs, product and strategy innovation, focus, relationship to strategy, culture, and ethicsBudgeting Time and Cost. The budgeting process is time consuming. Estimates of time consumed are as high as five months for each cycle, occupying 20 to 30 percent of financial managers and senior managers time. As an example of the cost of the traditional budgeting process, crossover Motor Company calculated the annual cost of its budgeting at US $1.2 billion.User Value. Although the budgeting process provides an element of control to some managers, the people who actually use budget information realise little value. For instance, almost 80 percent of finance staff time is spent on lower v alue activities with the itsy-bitsy remainder devoted to higher-order activities such as financial analysis.Shareholder Value. Budgets concentrate on internal targets, which are heavily influenced by prior period budget results, rather than focusing on maximising value to customers and shareholders.Flexibility. Budgets are often too inflexible to support quick responses to changing environmental factors. Only fifth part of all organisations change their budgets within the related fiscal period.Business Costs. Not fully spending budgeted amounts is monishd in many organisations leading to a chastisement to adequately question budgetary requests. In this way, unnecessary business costs are protected rather than reduced.Product and Strategy Innovation. Traditional budgetary practices discourage risk taking because emerging opportunities are too often not reflected in current period budgets.Focus. The focus of budgets is frequently on sales goals ersatzly of customer satisfaction. Al though most organisations recognise the importance of customer satisfaction, individuals are often not rewarded on this factor rather, they are rewarded on achieving sales targets.Relationship to Strategy. Budgets are often divorced from strategic decisions due to the poor support that budgets provide to organisational strategy.Culture. Traditional budgeting creates and maintains dependency cultures in organisations because people are deemed successful when they strictly vex to budget figures.Ethics. The high importance of meeting budgetary goals may cause people to behave unethically, even fraudulently.Fortunately, there is an alternative to the traditional budget model. Coombs (2005 34) suggests that this alternative should create and support a performance climate. The alternative should empower managers and encourage entrepreneurship throughout the organisation should be externally-, rather than internally-, focused and should provide an environment that promotes individual moti vation. Claiming that it is at the heart of a new movement searching for ways to build lean, adaptive and ethical enterprises that can sustain superior competitive performance, the BBRT has developed a solution to increase the effectiveness of performance management in the twenty-first century (Fraser 2001 n.p.).Two concepts underlie the BBRT solution (About Beyond Budgeting Concepts 2007 n.p.) adaptive processes and devolved networks. The BBRT recommends replacing fixed budgets with adaptive processes incorporating ambitious, regularly reviewed targets based on benchmarks, peer goals, and previous fiscal period results. The BBRT also recommends replacing centralize decision-making and performance accountability with devolved networks, which are achieved through decentralisation, to increase productivity, motivation, and customer service.The BBRTs concepts of adaptive processes and devolved networks each embody six principles (About Beyond Budgeting The Principles 2007 n.p.). Ada ptive process principles include (1) formulating goals based on maximising performance potential, (2) evaluating and rewarding based on contracts for relative improvement, (3) conducting action planning in a continuous and inclusive manner, (4) ensuring resource availability, (5) coordinating actions across the organisation based on customer demand, and (6) basing management controls on effective governance and ranges of performance indicators. Devolved network principles include (1) instituting a governance framework with clear principles and boundaries, (2) establishing a high-performance climate, (3) delegating decision-making authority, (4) assigning decision-making responsibility commensurate with authority, (5) expecting accountability for customer results, and (6) creating information systems that support ethical behaviour.The deficiency of traditional budgeting as a performance management tool, considering the ever-increasing pace of environmental change faced by most organ isations, is well supported by research conducted by the BBRT and others. The concepts and principles offered by the BBRT seem solid if somewhat limited in scope in that the BBRT, in heavily focusing on budgeting, does not communicate a general solution for the array of performance management issues faced by todays managers despite its implicit call for such a holistic approach in its purpose of searching for ways to build lean, adaptive and ethical enterprises that can sustain superior competitive performance. perhaps incorporating the BBRTs recommendations into Kaplan and Nortons broader balanced performance management scorecard approach, (1996 44)financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth perspectiveswould yield a significantly stronger and more comprehensive approach for modern organisations.ReferencesBeyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting Concepts, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbconcept.htmAccess ed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting The Budgeting Problem, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbprob.htmAccessed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) About Beyond Budgeting The Principles, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/bbprinc.htm Accessed 7 March 2007.Beyond Budgeting Round Table (2007) BBRT Beyond Budgeting Round Table, available from http//www.beyondbudgeting.plus.com/BBRTweb4/index.htm Accessed 7 March 2007.Coombs, Hugh (2005) Budgets Should Be Geared for Rapid Response, Western Mail, June 18, 2005.Fraser, Robin (2000) Beyond Budgeting Organizational devolvement and Performance Management, Strategic Finance, October 1, 2000.Fraser, Robin (2001) Figures of Hate Beyond Budgeting, Financial Management (UK), February 1, 2001.Kaplan, Robert S., and Norton, David P. (1996) The Balanced Scorecard, Boston Harvard Business School Press.Parmenter, David (2003) Abandon Budgets and Se t Your first step Free, New Zealand Management, October 1, 2003.

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous SystemExplain the different structures and functions of the cardinal main(prenominal) types of cells in the restless constitution of rules. Neurons are the nerve cells they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a peck that extends from the cell body its job is to buck impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath answers protect the axon and animates the impulse. The dendrites branch collide with from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body.Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the restless system. Astrocytes look like asteroid cells they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. M icroglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses.Describe the structures and functions of theperipheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. in that location are two main groups of nerves the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts the freehearted and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. identify the two primary comp championnts of thecentral nervous system (CNS). Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function.The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal anaesthesia cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninx and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outer stringent layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the inmost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles.Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures.The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to get up body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e. sleep, appetite, etc.) and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. opt 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable.Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. bit by bit over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot steady control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. in that location is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory.Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on angiotensin-converting enzyme side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. anencephalia is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. wrist bone tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment use s splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and more or lesstimes surgery.Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an magnetic resonance imaging or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed.Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary push back movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease.Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. herpes zoster (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications).Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia.Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, compl ete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

Further Celebration in the Hall :: Essays Papers

Further Celebration in the Hall It is a cold, vestige night when Beowulf enters the great hall carrying the head of the treacherous Grendel . He has defeated both the beast and his mother, so the Danes rejoice upon seeing their hero alive. They all discover eagerly as Beowulf tells his amazing tale of glory. He credits his success to God, saying that he would not have survived if God had not guarded him (Norton 48). Hrunting, the firebrand he has brought to battle, has failed him because Grendels mother has bewitched all swords so that they can not harm her. Luckily, fate has led him to see hanging on the wall a fair, antique great sword (48) with which he defeats the powerful woman. Once he has slain the monster, the sword mysteriously melts, leaving him with only the golden hilt to bring foul to his Lord. After hearing this great tale, King Hrothgar speaks. He is especially pleased with Beowulfs success, as he no longer has to live in fear for his kingdom. by dint of his s peech, he congratulates Beowulf and advises him with words of wisdom. Hrothgar cautions the almighty warrior to beware of his pride by not allowing it to swell, due to his glory. He tells a tale about the notorious King Heremod who is bring up with everything--money, power, strength, and glory Until his portion of prideincreases and swells within himthen the watcher sleeps,the souls guardianthat sleep is too sound,bound in its own cares,and the slayer most somewhose bow shoots treacherously. . .he cannot protect himself. . .angry-hearted he covets. . .and then he forgets andregards not his destinybecause of what God,wielder of heaven, has given him . . .In the end it happens in turn that the loaned body weakens, locomote doomed another takes the earls ancient treasure,one who recklessly gives precious gifts does not fearfully guard them (49).From this speech, parallels can be drawn between Beowulf and Hrothgar. Hrothgar states that he govern the Ring-Danes for a hundred half-years (49), and in the second part of the tale, it is revealed that Beowulf also reigns as a wise King for fifty years. In his speech, Hrothgars reference to the loaned body and the earls ancient treasure directly relate to The Last Survivors Speech in the second part of Beowulf. It is this later revelation that connects Beowulf with The Wanderer. Click on the picture to the right for a closer look at the passages that clearly show the parallel between Beowulf and The Wanderer.

Metaphysical Realism and Matilal’s Theories on the Connection Between Words and Things :: Philosophy

Metaphysical Realism and Matilals Theories on the Connection Between Words and ThingsABSTRACT The vexed put under of the precise connecter between words and things (or objects) has been a major preoccupation over the centuries summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophy of talking to, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis. Philosophy in India produced a turning of different and much conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by an equally bewildering variety witnessed in the ancient and modern West. I want to bring to the set off the late Professor Bimal K. Matilals development of Nyaya-Vaisesika realist approach to the aporia, and interject the analysis with dissident voices, especially of Mimamsakas and Buddhists. Significantly, it will be the living ghosts of Putnam and Dummett that I will supplicate to haunt Matilals variation on metaphysical realism (after Davidson). Matilal veered closer to a realist metaphysic, which is inflected in his own formulation of a theory of language appropriate to this ontology, this despite his idealized attraction to phenomenalist-constructivism (especially Buddhist) his flirtations with Bhartrharian holism (even Saussurean semiology) and lately with Derridean deconstruction (after G. C. Spivak) in his epiloquia. But my critique focuses on his famous earlier analysis of Jnana or cognition and his defence of a particular linguistic-ontology within a narrowly circumscribed naturalized epistemology (after Navya-nyaya). The ProblemThe vexed issue of the precise connection between words and things (or objects) has been a major preoccupation over the centuries, summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophy of language, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis, to solve this problem. Indian philosophy produced a number of different and often conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by the even more bewildering variety of approaches and theories witnessed in the West, tr aditional and modern, relying largely on various model of the word (natural, ideal, scriptural, semiotic, etc.). In this paper I want to suggest that there is an even more intricate relationship between the model of the word or language and the backdrop view of the world. In other words, it is not at all as simple as sitting down one fine morning and asking, Well, ol boy, what is the connection between the word and the world? as though it is a question simpliciter about some given or givens in our environment. Many theories proceed on the basis of this assumed dualism, if not a complete asymmetry between language and the world that it is supposed